intercultural understanding using hofstede
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by Margaret Treanor
10.04.23 1
Culture Defined “Culture is the collective programming of the human mind that
distinguishes the members of one human group from those of
another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.”• Geert Hofstede
“Culture is the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are
shared by members of an organization, that operate unconsciously
and define in a basic ‘taken for granted’ fashion an organization's
view of its self and its environment.”• Edgar Schein
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Why is Culture Important?
Impacts the way strategic moves are presented
Influences management, decision making, negotiations
Culture makes international business difficult or easy
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Main Features of Culture:
Culture is shared
Culture is intangible
Culture is confirmed by others
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Cultural Etiquette – the manners and behaviours that are expected in a given situation
Cultural Stereotypes – our beliefs about others, their attitudes & behaviours
Ethnocentrism – looking at the world from a perspective shaped by our own culture
Relativism - all cultures are good/ cultural sensitivity
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
Prof. Gert HofstedeBorn: October 2, 1928, Haarlem, NetherlandsEducation: Delft University of Technology, University of Groningen
Conducted a comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture.
Analyzed a large data of employee values scores collected by IBM (1967 – 1973)
Developed a model that identifies 4 primary dimensions to assist in differentiating cultures:
Power/Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity A fifth was added later: Long-term Orientation
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Hofstede‘s Cultural Dimensions
•Individualism / Collectivism
•Masculinity / Femininity
•Power / Distance
•Uncertainty / Avoidance
•Long-term Orientation
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Individualism / Collectivsim (IDV)
Individualism 'I' consciousness
Private opinions
Fulfil obligations to self
Penalty applies loss of self-respect & guilt
Collectivism 'We consciousness
Relationships have priority over tasks
Fulfil obligations to family, in-group,society
Penalty implies loss of 'face' and shame
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Masculinity / Femininity (MAS)Low Masculinity
Quality of life, serving others
Striving for consensus
Work in order to live
Small and slow are beautiful
Sympathy for the unfortunate
Intuition
High MasculinityPerformance, ambition, a need to excel
Tendancy to polarise
Live in order to work
Big and fast are beautiful
Admiration for the successful achiever
Decisiveness
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Power / Distance (PDI)Low Characteristics
Low dependence needs
Inequality minimised
Hierarchy for convenience
Superiors accessible
All should have equal rights
Change by evolution
High Characteristics
High dependance
Inequality accepted
Hierarchy needed
Superiors often inaccessible
Power holders have privileges
Change by revolution
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Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)Low Characteristics
Relaxed, less stress
Hard work is not a virtue per se
Emotions not shown
Conflict and competition seen as fair play
Acceptance of dissent
Flexibility
Less need for rules
High Characteristics
Anxiety, greater stress
Inner urge to work hard
Showing of emotions accepted
Conflict is threatening
Need for agreement
Need to avoid failure
Need for laws and rules
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Long-Term Orientation
Low Characteristics
Absolute truth
Conventional/traditional
Concern for stability
Quick results expected
High Characteristics
Many truths
Pragmatic
Acceptance of change
Perseverance
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شكر ا
DankeMerci Gracias
GrazieDank Je
谢谢 спасибоD
ziękuję Obrigada
Kiito
s
k メルシーTesekür Ederim
Tessé
Thank YouMulţumesc
DěkujiT
ack
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