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International E-Journal
Research in E L Tfor
ISSN: 2395-0595
VIBES PUBLICATION
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Vol.July 201
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Vol. 4 Issue : 4 October 2018January :2019 Vol: 5 Issue : 1
Cite this article as Rao, P.S.(2019). The Importance of Mobile Apps in the English Language
Learning Environment. ELT Vibes: International E-Journal For Research in ELT. 5(1).98-116..
ELT Vibes: International E-Journal for Research in ELT
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Article information Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116 (2019)
Article Received: 15/12/ 2018 ISSN: 2395-0595
Acceptance: 25/12/ 2018
THE IMPORTANCE OF MOBILE APPS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Lecturer in English,
English Language Centre, King Faisal University,
Al-Hasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ___________________________________________________________________
Abstract
In the modernized and technological era, there have been tremendous changes in all
areas. As human knowledge progresses, there have been many new inventions and
these inventions lead to the progress of human beings. The tireless scientists and
researchers continue their research in their respective fields in order to attain
desired goals. In spite of their hard work, the modern world attains success in all
fields. The same progress is also observed in the field of science and technology.
The traditional and out-dated technology has been replaced by the modern and
innovative technology. Due to the advent of this new technology and internet, there
are many changes in the field of education. The traditional books and blackboard
are replaced by e-books and smart boards. Moreover, there is a behavioural change
in the learners’ learning and they mostly depend on the modern technologies in
education rather than depending on the teachers. While teaching the English
language also, the teachers introduce the latest technology into their classrooms
with the use of the available technology, they change their methods and techniques
of teaching English to EFL/ESL learners. Even some teachers welcome the learners
to use mobile phones in their EFL/ESL classrooms in order to make their learning
an easy and fun-filled environment.
Impact Factor : 5.10
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 99
Moreover, the teachers use some useful mobile apps while teaching English in their
EFL/ESL classrooms. So, the learners take this opportunity of using the mobile apps
to learn the language skills and concentrate more on their learning both inside and
out of the classroom.
This paper expounds the significance of mobile phones in education, especially in
the present EFL/ESL classrooms. This paper focuses on the studies done on the use
of mobile phones in the classrooms. Moreover, the advantages of using mobile apps
for the learners are discussed in detail. This paper also highlights some important
apps related to EFL/ESL learners. Finally, some useful tips have been given for both
EFL/ESL teachers as well as learners in order to improve the quality of their
learning.
Key words: Apps, classroom, Education , EFL/ESL, Mobile phones, Technology.
Introduction
The present digital technology has influenced the modern era with its new
innovations and discoveries where the human beings are enjoying the fruits of these
technologies that changethe way of their lives and make convenient for them to lead
a comfortable and happy life. The contemporary scientists are still endeavoring in
inventing new things to bring radical changes in almost all fields. It leads the human
beings to do their activities in a simplified and easy way while they perform some
tasks. Due to these changes in almost all the fields, human beings are now thinking
of constructing houses even in the space. These changes also reflect in the field of
technology and humans enjoy using these technologies by communicating with their
friends and relatives who are in the other regions of the world. As technology
advances, there have many changes in almost all the areas. Many countries have
advanced their studies in science and technology and machines are doing the work
of humans. Robots are replaced the manpower in some large-scale industries and
now-a-days driverless car or autonomous car or robot car technology is being
developed by BMW, Lexus and Mercedes and even Tesla’s driverless autopilot
system has been tested on UK roads. Moreover, Google is developing its automated
technology in wild across the Atlantic.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 100
The dawn of technology resulted in globalization of trade and commerce and now
the corporate and large-scale industries are capable of competing with the other
business organizations around the globe. Technology also helped many people in
getting better employment opportunities, especially, many software professionals are
settling down in their jobs all over the globe. Technology is also of great use in the
field of education where most of the students as well as the teachers depend on
online resources and the available innovations in education. With the advent of the
internet, the teachers are able to use some useful websites to retrieve information
about their topics and even some learners also browse the net in order to get their
doubts clarified.
The twenty-first century brought many radical changes in communication as well as
information technology also. As a result, most of the people are now-a-days carrying
portable devices with them like laptops, notebooks, tablets, palmtops, smart
watches, mobile phones, iPads, thumb drives, pagers, etc. wherever they go. Among
them, people use mobile phones as they are portable and useful. In this regard,
Yamaguchi (2005: 57) says, “Mobile phone is superior to a computer in portability
and some students don’t have their own computer”. Miller (2014) asserts,
“Smartphones are being adopted unprecedentedly by youth and they are potentially
the tools for future study technologies”. As people find that mobile phones are
widely used to do multi-tasking, they always prefer to use them.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 101
Mobile phones brought radical changes in the lifestyle of people. With these mobile
phones, people get things home that are available in the global market by purchasing
them online. People can communicate with others and they even can have video chat
with them though they live in different parts of the world. Technology has also
brought remarkable changes in travel and tourism fields also. The tourists who wish
to visit foreign countries book their reservations for hotels and air tickets online and
they also browse the internet to know about the places they visit. With the dawn of
technology, people can read the world-wide newspapers online and watch programs
and news channels both on television and online and update the information about
the whole world.
Fig: The Main Purposes of Using Mobile Phones
Mobile phones are widely used for several purposes in the field of education also.
They are used by educationalists, researchers, teachers and learners differently
depending on their purpose. Educationalists and researchers use them to retrieve
information about the ongoing trends in education and they even give some valuable
suggestions to the whole educational field. They do research on their fields and also
try to set new trends in education. Teachers use mobile phones to get the
information instantly in the classroom and also to visualize the learners some videos
related to the topic. Therefore, mobile devices play a vital role in education,
especially, in learning a language.
Watchvideos
Learnlessons
Surf theinternet
Sendemails anddocuments
Call friends
and family
Do online transactions
Learn languages
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 102
But, the present generation learners mostly use mobile phones for browsing the net,
sending emails and chat on social networks and they do not use them to learn a
language. So the responsibility is on the shoulders of the teachers to educate their
learners to use mobile phones to learn new vocabulary, grammatical structures and
language skills. It is a fact that a majority of the young generation uses mobile
phones for various other purposes, some of them use mobile phones to develop their
language skills.
The usage of mobile phones in learning a language has got numerous advantages,
that too, while learning English there are several benefits for the learners. According
to the study conducted by Chen, Chung & Yen (2012), “Cell phones are flexible
tools which have the potential to be exploited to cater to the needs of language
learning students”. The learners can develop their skills in building up new
vocabulary items, enhance their knowledge on grammar, improve communication
skills and develop the other language skills. The learners can watch videos related to
the lessons taught in the classrooms and they also can record the teachers’ teaching
and repeat it during their leisure time at home. The learners also go through some
online sources to understand some important topics.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 103
According to the report given by market researcher, Newzoo (2018), the total
number of smartphone users in the year 2016 was 2,491 million, in 2017 it was
2,741 million and in 2018 it has reached the mark of almost 3 billion (2,995
million), with the Asia-Pacific region accounting for more than half of that number.
The report further discloses that the number of the smartphone users will be
increased to 3,257 million by the end of 2019, 3,513 million by 2020 and pass 3.8
billion by 2021. The report further says, “In addition to telephony, 2000s-era mobile
phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email,
Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business
applications, video games and digital photography. Mobile phones offering only
those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly
advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones”. Hence, the above
statistics unveils how people’s dependency on smartphones increases year by year.
According to another project report which was conducted in America by the Pew
Internet and American Life Project mentions in its report, “89% of American adults
currently have a cell phone, and 47% of American adults own a smart phone.
Furthermore, more than half of all cell owners use their phones to go online,
and three-quarters of smart-phone users use location-based services, such as maps to
find their way around, or Foursquare to check in”. It reveals that there is a huge shift
in the way how Americans use and access the information from restaurant reviews
to social media. According to a survey conducted by the Bank of America (2016),
almost half of the population of America owns a smartphone and 96% of the
millennial aged between 18 and 24 years opined that smartphones are very important
for them whereas 93% of them even said that smartphones are more important than
toothbrush and deodorant. The survey also reveals that an individual American
checks his/her smartphone every 6.5 minutes. Hence, it is understood how the
smartphone technology is used all over the globe and how people are benefitted
from it.
A corporative study was held across two schools in 2012 in the England on how
students from each school use their mobile devices during their class time. The study
discloses, “Most of the students rely on their mobile phones to keep them organized.
The students frequently use their mobile phones for the features such as camera,
alarms and calendar.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 104
The camera is generally used to take pictures of the notes given by the teachers”. On
the whole, the study recommends that mobile devices are a suitable learning tool for
the classroom. In the report, it says, “there is clear evidence that many pupils feel
that they are deriving educational benefit from the use of their devices. They are
using many of the features of their devices and often finding creative ways to
employ these features in their schoolwork, both at home and at school”. Hence, there
are many benefits for the learners through these mobile phones.
Mobile devices are used in the classrooms of American education experience as
teaching tools from primary level to graduation level. In another survey conducted
by Pew Research Center found that 58% of American teachers have smartphones
whereas the national adults have an average of 48% of smart phones. It shows that
most of the American teachers have smartphones to build tech-savviness into their
lesson plans by embracing BYOD (bring-your-own-device) policies and it resulted
in leading the push for an iPad for every student. The report also says that nearly
25% of US schools had BYOD policies in place and it is sound to accept that these
numbers have increased in the last two years.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 105
This report further says that mobile technology is used by 73% of the teachers either
for teaching lessons in the classrooms or by permitting the students to use it to finish
their assignments. The report also says that English teachers use these mobile
devices more than that of the mathematics teachers. According to some reports
developed around 2010 say that mobile apps are both engaging and educational for
children as they are so young at pre-school level.
In another survey conducted by PBS Kids in partnership with the US Department of
Education found that the age group of between three and seven kids’ vocabulary has
been improved up to 31% when they play the mobile app called Martha Speaks.
Abilene Christian University conducted another research and found that the kids
were highly motivated to complete their lessons on mobile devices than the leaning
they have done through traditional textbooks and workbooks. Another two entirely
different studies were conducted by Project Tomorrow and Kajeet in 2013 on both
fifth and eighth grade students on the effect of using tablets for learning both in class
and at home and they found that the students’ learning experiences improved across
the board. The reports say that 35% of students of the 8th grade opine that their
teachers’ activities or lessons seem to be more interesting when they are allowed to
use their tablets in the classroom. According to the researchers, “Across the board,
access to a tablet computer significantly changed the learning environment for the
5th grade students, both in school and at home”. This report says there are positive
changes in the learners that they have a greater access to learning resources outside
of school and the students also exceeded the expectations of their teachers in using
these devices. Furthermore, the teacher-student communication has drastically
increased and the teachers used the tablets in creative and various ways to engage
their learners in learning and there is a tremendous change in the behaviour of the
students as a result of having the devices with them. The study also reveals that the
students have never engaged the devices for any bad behaviour even though they are
using them at home. Another report on 8th grade students says that the tablet
program has been found that there is a positive impact both in and out of school. The
report says that the students increased the sophistication of their mobile learning
activities by using the tablets and the students are accessing to the learning material
at home. It also provides an opportunity for the teachers to improve their students’
productivity and createnew learning environments for them.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 106
It is understood from the above reports that the importance of technology in the
classroom is of greater use for the development of the learners’ learning skills and
the teachers have to play a vital role in the implementation of these technological
devices. As the results of these surveys indicate that the students develop their
learning skills immensely when they use their mobile phones or tablets in and
outside the classrooms, the teachers should always motivate and inspire the students
to use these mobile phones while learning English in the EFL/ESL environment.
In the modern world, technology has become an indispensable part of human lives
and the classroom is not an exception. There was merely an interaction between a
learner and a teacher in the traditional classrooms, where the teacher is responsible
for his teaching and the learners are responsible for undertaking their learning.
Whereas in this digital era, with the advent of the new technological devices where
the whole world has become a global village, there have been radical changes in the
entire global teaching-learning environment. In the same way, there have been
tremendous changes in teaching-learning philosophies and there is the old-fashioned
approaches have entirely shifted to social-based and interactional approaches for
teaching-learning environment. In this regard, Bester and Brand (2013) say, “No
technology can replace the teacher in the classroom; nevertheless, it can be used to
promote interactive teaching and learning and integrated into lessons to maximize
the learning experience”. Chinnery (2006), Gholami & Azarmi (2012), Mayisela
(2013) and Rahimi & Miri (2014) assert, “Mobile devices such as mobile phones,
iPads, audio players, tablets and personal digital assistants have been widely used in
learning contexts”. But there have been drastic changes in the daily life of human
beings with the advent of internetand all the traditional print material such as
textbooks, reference books, dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias and so on are
now available online and information about anything can be accessible anywhere
and anytime only with a single click on to the internet.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 107
In the twenty-first century, mobile phones are widely used in the classrooms in order
to make the teaching-learning process more effective. The teachers as well as the
learners of EFL/ESL classrooms use mobile phones to enhance their language skills.
As most of the children use mobile phones or tablets to play games or to watch
cartoons since their childhood, the teachers of English should allow mobile phones
into their EFL/ESL classrooms so that the young learners can make use of them to
download some important apps that develop their language skills. Using these
mobile phones, the learners can connect to their peers and teachers both in and
outside the classrooms and they can communicate in their leisure time so that their
learning English will continue even out of the classroom environment. The learners
can also clarify their doubts on their own and it even sidelines the teachers and the
learners develop self-learning so that they can work on their own anytime and
anywhere during their free time. Some other advantages the learners get from these
mobile phones are that they can view videos related to the topic, record the lesson
taught by the teachers and watch them later and send messages and assignments to
their teachers and use some important apps that develop their language skills.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 108
There are many mobile apps that are useful for the learners to improve their English
language skills. Among them, British Council’s The English Clubacts as an expert
tutor and it is a useful appfor the learners to read and write English and it has 50
levels and each level is designed with stories, flashcards, games and animations.
With this app, the learners develop their English comprehension, writing and
reading skills enormously. There are many apps designed by the British Council that
develops learners’ English language skills.
These apps are user-friendly that learners can use them at home or even on their
move. LearnEnglish Grammar (UK ed.), MyWord Book 2, Learn English Audio and
Video, Learn English GREAT Videos, Johnny Grammar’s Word Challenge,
Learning Time with Timmy, LearnEnglish Kids: Phonics Stories, LearnEnglishKids:
Playtime, LearnEnglish Elementary Podcasts, Premier Skills and so on to name a
few. ThroughLearnEnglish Grammar (UK ed.), learners improve their grammar as it
covers 12 topics on grammar and each topic has 20 activities. MyWordBook 2 is an
interactive flashcard app that helps the learners learn new vocabulary, whereas
LearnEnglish Audio and Video app helps the learners improve their listening skills.
By watching the videos through LearnEnglish GREAT Videos app, the learners
practise their listening skills and learn the history of the English language. Sounds
Right is an interactive pronunciation app helps the learners learn the sounds of the
English language very easily and quickly.Johnny Grammar’s Word Challenge is a
useful app which develops the learners’ grammar and vocabulary from beginning to
the advanced level. Learning Time with Timmy is an app very useful for younger
children to learn about food, colours, shapes and numbers. LearnEnglish Kids:
Phonics Stories is a story app where the learners learn phonics sounds while reading
fun stories about space spies. Here the learners get practice of phonics sounds from
these stories where each story includes a game and a dictionary.LearnEnglish Kids:
Playtime is another app that builds confidence among the learners to practise
listening skills by playing challenging games to improve both their spelling as well
as their understanding.LearnEnglish Kids: Videos is an app that helps children learn
English as the learners watch their favourite stories with audio and text narration,
whereas LearnEnglish Elementary Podcasts is an app where the learners improve
their vocabulary and listening skills while listening to the podcast hosts. Premier
Skills is a vocabulary app where the learners learn more about football.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 109
As most of the learners are interested in sports, this will be very useful for the
learners to improve their sports and technical term through a series of interactive
flashcards. Another sports app that develops learners’ sports events and technical
moves is LearnEnglish Sports World. As this sports app has a wide range of sports
activities, the learners learn the definitions and spellings of several Olympic and
Paralympic terminology.
There are some other apps that develop the learners’ learning skills. Grammar Up is
another app that the learners can improve their grammar skills from different
sections of this app.English Listening and Speaking is an app that develops leaners’
vocabulary by playing word chain games. Busuu is another interactive app that helps
learners spoken English. Lingual.ly is one more app that develops learners’ language
skills through fun games. Duolingo is another useful app which gives individual
practice feedback to the learners and prepares them to get the most out or the class
instruction. Another app that helps the learners to expand their vocabulary by
learning words in an effective way is Memrise. One more app, Sentence Master Pro,
is very useful for the learners to build sentences on their own in a game
environment. To develop learners’ basic conversational skills, Babbel is an
appropriate app. In another app, Speak Well, the pronunciation of American speech
practice including voice recognition is emphasized in Speak Well app.
Real-world videos such as news, cartoons, commercials, inspiring speeches and
talks, music videos, etc. are taken in an app, FluentU.It uses a natural approach to
help the learners ease into the English culture and English language. Moreover, this
app has an added advantage as the learners learn English as it is spoken in real time.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 110
FluentU is more useful for the English language teachers not only to teach audio-
visual topics but also to teach the content with fun. Another useful app that every
learner of English must have on their phones is Google Translate because the
learners can translate the words, sentences and even short or longer paragraphs into
other languages. Speak English like an American is an app that uses different
techniques to teach the learners the most commonly used expressions and figures of
speech used in the regular conversations of the Americans. After a good practice
with this app, the learners comfortably converse with the Americans even outside
their classrooms.
Fun English is one more app with more than ten various English language learning
games are stored in it. These games help the learners learn more about vocabulary,
spelling and pronunciation.MindSnacks is another fun-filled and user-interface app
that helps the learners learn new vocabulary with fun. Unlike the other apps, Rosetta
Stone is designed with a unique immersive method where the learners can get the
meaning of a word English to English, not by translating the word into some other
languages. The exercises designed here are to help the learners learn the basic words
before they form some phrases, shorter and longer sentences.
There are many more apps that are useful for learners to improve their language
skills through English language learning environment. Learning English through
apps is another way to learning English with fun. As each of these apps isdesigned
for a variety of learners, they suit for beginners as well as advanced learners and
they can improve their language skills with an ounce of their regular practice. As
there are hundreds of apps that develop the learners’ learning skills of English, the
main responsibility lies on the shoulders of the teachers to give a list of the useful
apps that develop the learners’ language skills. Hence, the English teachers should
advise the learners to utilize these apps in a meaningful way in order to improve
their language skills both in the English language learning environment as well as
outside the classroom environment. The learners also can download some useful
mobile apps to improve their language skills. They can download some important
apps such as dictionary apps, thesaurus apps, language skills (listening, speaking,
reading and writing) practising apps so that they can acquire the language skills
within a short period of time.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 111
Moreover, these mobile apps are useful for the learners in improving the English
language skills such as LSRW and to understand the concepts instantly. Therefore,
learning English through these mobile apps makes the learner to develop
independent learning in a congenial atmosphere. As the learners have a choice of
downloading a number of apps on each skill, they will download the suitable apps
according to their levels, needs and interests. As there are many advantages of these
mobile apps, it is the responsibility of both teachers and parents to take care that the
mobile phones should not be used for some other purposes. With a regular practice
with the apps and proper use of their mobile phones to learn the English language, it
is sure that the learners can develop their language skills gradually and get good
practical knowledge about the English language skills in a learner-friendly and fun-
filled environment.
Conclusion
In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight the importance of technology
and the usage of mobile phones in education, especially in the EFL/ESL classrooms.
An attempt has also been made on the studies done on the mobile phones in the
English language learning environment. Furthermore, some useful mobile apps for
the EFL/ESL learners have also been discussed. Finally, the teachers and the
learners are given some useful suggestions to make use of these apps both in and out
of the English classrooms.
Mobile technologies are very useful in the classrooms and they provide entirely a
novel experience for both the teachers and the students to make their work effective
and achieve the best results. Therefore, teachers of English should not go on simply
adding technology to make the learning environment effective and efficient. They
should plan for the creative and efficient use of these latest innovative technologies
as well as teaching techniques, methods in their classrooms in order to make the
learners more active and energetic. Technology can be used in various ways to make
teaching and learning environment more effective and powerful. So the teachers as
well as the learners should try to think differently to get some unique, creative and
innovative ideas in order to make their classroom teaching-learning environment
more productive and successful.
ELT VIBES: International E-Journal For Research in ELT
Volume 5, Number 1. 98-116. (2019)
ISSN: 2395-0595
PARUPALLI SRINIVAS RAO
Page 112
As most of the language learning tools are now available on the internet, there is
ample number of opportunities for the learners to make use of them anytime and
anywhere. The teachers can also assign some tasks to the learners related to what the
learners have learnt in the classrooms and ask them to finish those tasks outside the
classrooms. Since learning a language has a multitude of benefits such as improving
our memory, building our multitasking skills, making us smarter and more
perceptive, learning English in EFL/ESL classrooms using the useful mobile apps
will be very useful for the learners to develop their language skills even in the
absence of their teachers.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
The author, Parupalli Srinivas Rao, has a vast
experience of teaching English at various
levels. He has been specialized in ELT and
has authored 10 books and published several
research papers related to ELT in various
international journals. He has attended several
national and international ELT conferences
and also presented some papers in them.
He has been on the Editorial board for eight international English journals including
American Research Journal of English and Literature, Research Journal of English
(RJOE), ELT Vibes, Literary Endeavour, South Asian Academic Research Journals
(SAARJ): ACADEMICIA, Alford Council of International English and Literature
Journal (ACIELJ), Trans Asian Research Journal (TARJ) and International Journal
of English and Studies (IJOES). He has also done several projects including a
project done for the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Government
of India and another one for King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. He has attended
several in-service training programs in ELT. He has taught English in India, the
Republic of Maldives and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for 27 years. At present, he is
working as Lecturer in English at English Language Centre, King Faisal University,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He is very much interested in research activities and
preparing study material for Undergraduate and Master’s Degree courses. He is a
member of ELTAI, the prestigious organization for English language teachers.
The author did his M. A. (English) from Osmania University in 1991. He also
completed his PG Diploma in Teaching English (EFL University) and later he did B.
Ed., M. Ed. and M. Phil. from Osmania University. In 1999, he did PG Diploma in
Functional English from Andhra University. He did Cambridge CELTA in London
in the year 2008. He also completed two onsite ELT courses, namely, Pronunciation
for Language Teachers and Teaching Grammar in Context from University of
Edinburgh, UK in 2008. At present, he is pursuing his Ph. D. in ELT.
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