international reaction on goa liberation

International Reaction on Goa Liberation

ANALYSIS AND SIGNIFICANCE

Outline• Background of the war• The pre war response• The war response• The post war response

Background

After 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru made repeated attempts for the integration of Goa to the Indian Republic. The Portuguese refused to budge

Background

India

Portugal

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Personnel

Pre War ResponseBritain

• Was asked to mediate

Brazil

• Protested on Portugal’s behalf

UN

• Security Council asked to mediate

USA

• Said that India should not expect any support

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Pre War Response

Mexico

• Offered support through its influence in South America

Africa

• Were calling India’s response “soft”

War commences

The War response

Portugal goes to the UN

• Portugal requests a debate in security Council over the Goa conflict

• Request accepted through the minimum votes

• USA, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, Nationalist China

• US delegate criticizes the use of arms

The War response

Soviet Union rescues India

• Liberia, Ceylon and U.A.R. present a resolution absolving India of any charges and asking Portugal to cooperate

• Supported only by Soviet Union

• Resolution presented by USA, UK, France and Turkey calling for immediate cessation of hostilities

• Vetoed by Soviet Union

The War Response

Britain delays use of air base Egypt denies Suez access to warships

Pakistan denies air passage

Post War response

United States Of America

• “People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel”

• Foreign aid appropriation cut by 25%

• The New York Times and Life International criticizes India

Post War responseSoviet Union

• Head of State of Soviet Union tours India during war, applauding it on several occasions

• “…from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder”

• The de facto leader, Nikita Khrushchev praises Nehru on behalf of every Soviet citizen

Post War response

United Kingdom

• Recognised that the Portuguese enclaves in Goa were a source of conflict and pain to the Indians

• Deplored the use of military force

• Opposition Labour Party expressed regret

• Statement to the UN was “shocked and dismayed”

Post War responseChina

• In an official statement, stressed its resolute support for people fighting imperialist colonialism

• Hong Kong communist paper termed it a desperate act by Nehru to regain stature

• Accepted that Goa is legitimate Indian territory

• Called the act an electoral campaign

Post War response

Pakistan

• Described Indian attack as “naked militarism”

• Asked for a UN sponsored plebiscite

• Raised the Kashmir issue

• Accused India of hypocrisy

• President wrote to his US counterpart stressing India’s military prone nature

Post War responseAfrican and Arab nations

• United Arab Republic called it a legitimate effort

• Tunisia said “patient and non violent” India was forced by Portuguese

• Expression of hope that Portuguese colonies in Africa will soon be liberated

• Mozambique leader called it legitimate force against “butchers”

Post War response

Brazil and Netherlands

• Brazil expressed heartfelt solidarity with Portuguese

• “a Portuguese wound is a Brazilian pain”

• “necessary for Portuguese to understand that the age of colonialism is over”

• Netherlands regretted that India “of all countries” resorted to military action

• Expressed fear of similar retaliation by Indonesia

Conclusion

Response was according to

• Colonial era role• Alliances

Response was indicative of

• Present status of India• Future alliances and conflicts

Thank You

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