internet and society: internet use and digital divide
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Use of the Internet and the Digital Divide
Internet and Society 2008
James Stewart, University of Edinburgh https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/IandS/
Outline
Adoption and Appropriation Non-use Design for use Who uses the Internet? Statistics Social Exclusion Digital Divide
Policy Global DD : Development, appropriation
Issues and Ideas
Diffusion and the s-curve Studying use and users Appropriation and domestication Non-users Design-use issues.
Social Exclusion Digital divide and social exclusion International exclusion
Diffusion and the S-curve
Groups of users Innovators, early
adopters, etc Demand-side:
Network effects Supply side:
Economies of scale S-curve limit National differences Gender differences Generation of techs time
Market penetration
Internet Penetration
Adopter groups
Many studies suggesting different groups of adopters. E.g. Enthusiasts - innovators Pragmatists Reluctant Rejectors
Not a Binary division What factors underline these types of
categories?
Example of analysis
Adoption and Appropriation
How and why people adopt Motivations and resources Voluntary or obliged adoption
Why adopt and use innovations? (consumer research) Functional: they do something practical Experiental: they provide sensual pleasure Identity: products provide expression of self identity
Social and individual context
Network effects
Appropriation and Domestication
How technologies come into local settings Learning
Formal, informal, learning by doing, community learning
Social processes Local experts, local economy, power
User innovation Limiting use, giving up use. Proxy use
Non-use of ICT Why people don’t adopt
“Not relevant”,”no use” “Too complicated”, “too fiddly”
Practical, experiential, identity factors Physical / Cognitive barriers Subjective reactions No resources No motivation No community Constrained agency
Resistors, Delayers and Rejectors Need triggers to use
These come from other changes in life
Theory and Design
Excluded by design Feminist studies of technology design Design for all
Keyboard, GUI, metaphors, Excluded by policy
Use built from most engaging use Social uses Entertainment
Social trends
Independent women ICT families Wealthy young-old Consumer Society
Network society Mega-Cities Mobility in work - work rationalisation Migrations
(reduced costs)
The case of the Internet
Use and non-use Non-organisational Sources
OII report/World Internet report Ofcom National Statistics Scottish Statistics Pew Eurescom MORI etc Eurostat
Use of internet USA 76% of adults (Pew May 08) 24% UK 67% (OxII 2007) 33% non-users
European use (Eurostat 2007).
Eurostat 2006
Household access (OxII)
Non-ownership of all comms services
Non users adopting less
Intention to get internet at home
Non use (OXII)
Use/Adoption Factors
Correlates with: Income Age and Lifestage Region Professional activity Education Sex Ability/Disability Capital/Wealth Family with children
Age and Socio-economic Profile of home internet
Income
Education
Involuntary non-use: income and disability
Scottish Household Survey: Car availability
Gender differences in driving skills (Scotland)
Proxy Use
Have some to ask
For those who do have access…
Time Spent online
Where access internet (OxII)
What do we do online?
What do we do online?
Communication
Uses: Entertainment
Ecommerce
Viewing user-created video
Participation
Posting to the Internet
OIS 2005
Participation 2
Use of SNS
“Have you done any of the following things on the Internet in the last year? – Created a profile on a social networking site such as YouTube, MySpace or Facebook?”
OxII 2007
Multiple media use
Don’t take my TV away!
Don’t take away my Facebook (OxII 2007)
"misuse of email at work' eDesigns 2002
"Top ten email ‘misuse’ by men "
"Top ten email ‘misuse’ by women"
Flirting in the office 2 7 % Planning social life with friends 3 2 % Gossiping about staff 1 8 % Contacting siblings 1 8 % Forwarding pornographic URLs 1 3 % Gossiping about staff 1 5 % Contacting non-work friends 1 6 % Flirting in the office 1 3 % Organising social l i fe 1 1 % Forwarding pornographic URLs 7 % Forwarding jokes to colleagues 5 % Seek new employment 6 % Seek new employment 4 % Forwarding jokes to colleagues 4 % Communicating with overseas relations
3 % Transfer work to web based email addresses
3 %
Contact paren t s 2 % Contact overseas relation s 1 %
Social Exclusion Unequal but free agents with opportunity. Dimensions
No access to work/labour market Consumer Identity Community Citizenship
Issues (e.g. Atkinson 1996) Relative in society Role of Agency Dynamics Individual, family or community
Excluded groups Disabled, Ethic minorities, Religious groups,Women, Homeless Not just ‘the poor’ or ‘working class’
Inclusion and Exclusion via ICTs Technical Fix for excluded groups
Work inclusion Community - end isolation
But Can’t adopt, won’t adopt No money, no skills, no interest, no trust Result-> ‘Digital’ exclusion
Poor Jobs Limited Gov services Limited Information Few Consumer benefits Isolation from new culture
New excluded groups - older men
Labour market exclusion:Women
Exclusion from best jobs Creation of ‘the Internet’ Very low participation of women in engineering
and IT professions, especially in ‘West’
But High in Far East Media starts to dominate, and female dominated
professions Women in the network society question
Problems
Access Resources (time, money, experience, social
network) Local exclusion Literacy and Skills
Basic literacy Information age literacy
Motivation Social and individual issues Life-stage e.g. identity
Policy
Social Policy Unemployment Social cohesion
Industrial Policy skilled workforce Consumer market
Policy Provide access Provide skills (Euro comp driving licence) Local experts - change agents User friendly spaces - cybercafes, telecentres,
computers in hairdressers Free computers+ for whole communities Liberalisation Government-industry partnerships Rely on ‘s-curve’ ‘Thin’ use. Can remove barriers, but not create motivations
E-inclusion=Social inclusion?
Claire Buré paper. Subcultural appropriation Can act as a bridge Can reinforce subcultural and excluded
life.
Questions
Is the digital divide an important factor in social exclusion?
What policies can help promote adoption Does technology adoption really lead to
social inclusion?
Global Digital Divide Development agenda
Centre - periphery, North-South ‘Development’ model Black-holes: ‘silent zones’, 4th world
Irrelevance of the Internet To expensive, no electricity, no skills etc Better things to spend money on:
Health, water, food, roads,education Problem of government control and corruption
But Enabling technology Leapfrogging
Global Digital Divide 2
Donors Education, telecentres, phone banks
Liberalisation Foreign investment
Infrastructure - Mobile phones New markets Industry (outsourcing)
Indigenous economic development Relevant Technology
Mobile phones Payment systems Stimulate local innovation
Presentation
Telecommunications policy in SA and mobile phones for development
Problems and Benefits Socio-cultural issues.
Trust Local economy and cultural barriers
Economic divides Elites Still too expensive Need for sustainability
Donor projects Benefits
Bottom up use innovation Social cohesion in migration etc
Never Catch up
Many interlocking issues. Always new technologies Increased commercialisation Are the vanguard opening up the gap? New Society?:
Global elites Entertainment consumers Subcultures Excluded
Next Week: Community and Identity
Reading: Feenberg, A., Bakardjieva, M (reading pack) Darin ch 4, Castells ch 5
Presentations: Wellman "Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet
Supports Community and Social Capital in a Wired Suburb"
MMPRPGs/Online worlds Assignments:
Diary of whom and how you communicate. Blog entry on importance of internet and mobile phone
for your social and study life. Or on your experience of online community
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