interoperability:
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Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Interoperability:Where the irresistible force of
flexibility meets the immovable object of standardization.
DRH Conference 2003
Chris TurnerLeaders Project UCL SLAIS
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Conflicting needs
• Flexibility in encoding – Wide range of source materials – Existing practices
• Standardisation– Reusability– Support– Sustainability
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Interoperability
‘to be interoperable, one should actively be engaged in the ongoing process of ensuring that the systems, procedures and culture of an organisation are managed in such a way as to maximise opportunities for exchange and re-use of information, whether internally or externally’
Miller, Paul. ‘Interoperability. What is it and Why should I want it?’, Aridane, Issue 24 (21 June 2000)
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability/intro.html
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
6 Aspects of Interoperability
• Technical• Semantic• Political/Human• Inter-community• Legal• Informational
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Technical Interoperability
• the ‘plumbing’, or what goes on out of sight to make documents accessible. – http– tcp/ip– etc
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Semantic Interoperability
• Works on different levels and enables us to understand and transform documents– Syntactic level
• XML rules for well-formedness provide a standardized structure for files
– Semantic level• Common convention for naming parts of a document –
DTD/Schema– Structural level
• Determines how parts of a file relate to each other – the content models described by a DTD/Schema
– Content level• What does the document actually say. E.g. Index terms for
searching, and lists of descriptors
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Interoperability of TEI and EAD documents
• they can be moved between computers and accessed between computers
• being XML they have a recognized syntactic structure
• they use common tag libraries, and thus have consistency of naming.
• the content models of the DTDs offer commonly defined structures
• the DTDs offer some pre-defined attribute values.
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Flexibility of TEI/EAD
• A goal of EAD is to make archival resources from many institutions accessible to users. To achieve this goal, EAD must accommodate a wide range of internationally divergent descriptive practices (EAD Working Group, 2002).
• It is important to remember...[that] many -- perhaps most -- serious TEI applications have found it necessary to build their own customization of the full scheme in some way (Burnard, 2000).
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Consequence
No two documents created in EAD or TEI need have the same structural or content markup.
– Limits possibilities for data exchange and re-usability
– Makes consistent search and retrieval and presentation of results difficult
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Solution approach
• Determined by project aims– ‘Document-centric’ – focus is on retrieval and
presentation of TEI encoded transcripts and images
• EAD used for metadata to facilitate search and retrieval
• EAC used for contextual information
– Reusability of files– Hospitality to existing files?
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Contextual presentation
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Metadata in EAD file
item description in Leaders-EAD
to harvest index terms and description from EAD documents
resulting index document
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Controlled terms for searching
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
TEI - descriptive markup
• Pizza Chef approach helpful
• Wide range of formats of archival documents
• Descriptive/procedural distinction
• But just one DTD.
• Modify stylesheets
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Examples
Example EAC document
Example TEI document
Application example
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
TEI DTD modification
TEI for Archives DTD
Abbreviations entity file
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Re-use through Web Services
• Standardisation of encoding makes possible standardised application functions.
• Application functions described by WSDL (Web Services Description Language) file
• Means application developers can incorporate LEADERS functions into their own applications.
Copyright, UCL LEADERS: Linking EAD to Electronically Retrievable Sources
Conclusions
• Trade-offs– EAD: stricter control vs loss of hospitality to
legacy data and variation in existing practices.– TEI: a single DTD but hospitality to a
potentially wide range of source materials vs less reusability of stylesheets.
• Paradox– More standardisation of encoding vs more
flexibility in terms of interoperability.
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