introducing qfabric
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WilliamOccamwasaphilosopherandmonkwhowasaminimalistinlifeandbecauseof
hisfrequentusageofthesimplicityprinciple,hisnamehasbecomeassociatedto
simplicity.
Otherwaystheexpressioncanbeinterpretedis:keepitsimple
WithQFabric,wehaveusedsimplicitytosolvesomeofthetoughestdatacenter
problemsbykeepingitsimple.
Infact,Juniperhasalwayssolvedveryhardnetworkingproblemswithsimplicityand
innovation.
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Recently,inaGartnerDatacenterconference:Customersurveysidentifiedfollowing
twoitemsastheirburningtopics.
Need
for
a
Cloud
strategy
>
Experience PowerandCooling>Operationscosts
Thereisalwaysatradeoffbetweenexperienceandeconomicsinthedatacenter.
Intheverylargeproductiondatacenters liketheGoogles,theFacebooks,delivering
betterexperienceisprioritybecauseitiscoreoftheirbusiness.
HoweverontheotherhandmanyclassicITdatacenters costisanissueandtheymight
bewillingtotradeoffexperienceforeconomics.
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Fundamentally,theroleofITinfrastructureistoprovideusersconnectivityto
applicationsandservices.
Mobility,Web2.0andnewertechnologieshaveintroducedmanynewwaysinformation
canbeexchanged:
ClientdevicetoClientdeviceor
ClientdevicetoComputingutilityor
ComputingutilitytoComputingutility.
Inaddition,areliableandhighperformancewideareanetworkisenablingapplication
deliveryovertheWAN.
Thisishelpingcustomerstoconsolidatedatacenterinfrastructureandmanagecoststo
deliversuperior
application
performance.
Inthissession,wewilldiscussdatacenterevolutionandhowQFabricwillhelp
transformdatacenternetworking.
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Theapplicationarchitectureshaveevolvedfromclientservertodistributedapps,causinganunderliningshiftintrafficpattern.
Applicationshave
become
federated
with
architectures
such
as
ServiceOrientedArchitectures,WebServices,andSoftwareasaservice.Thenewerapplicationsareincreasingthecommunicationbetweenservertoservercausingmoreeastwesttrafficwithinthedatacenter.
Servervirtualizationishelpingbusinessesgainefficiencybyconsolidatingmanyphysicalserversintofewerhighperformancevirtualizedservers.
OfallthetraffictypestraversinganEthernetnetwork,storagehasriseninprominence
inrecent
years.
This
traffic
type
has
its
very
own
unique
characteristics
and
demands
aseparatetreatmentthanothertraditionalEthernettraffic.
Tosupportbothvirtualizationandconvergence,thedatacenternetworkneedstooffer: highperformance scale, availabilityawaytosupportstronguserSLAs(aroundthroughput,latency,packetlossandsecurity)
Networkinghasnotprogressedandisnowabarrierslowingthepaceofinnovationintherestofthedatacenter.
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Cloudscomeinmanysizesandshapes.Letslookathowcustomersarebuildingclouds.
Customersareinitiallybuildingsmallpoolsofresourceswithcomputeandstorage
resources
this
can
be
a
small
cloud.
Larger
the
pools
better
the
efficiencies
and
the
networkisthefoundationforbuildingthosepoolsleadingtoacloudreadyarchitecture.
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Thenumbersofphysicalserversareflatteningoutbutthenumbersofvirtualservers
havebeengrownexponentially.Virtualization providescapitalexpenditurebenefits,but
the
cost
of
managing
virtual
networks
has
increased
the
operational
expenses
drastically.
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Thefirstorderofdatacentertransformationisservervirtualizationinsmallpools,
primarilytogainoperationalefficiencyincomputeinfrastructure.Thesecondorderof
transformation
will
be
to
extend
consolidation
beyond
servers
and
create
dynamic
cloudreadyinfrastructuretosupportoperationalflexibilityandbusinessagility.
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TheInternethasforeverchangedandiscontinuingtochangethedatacenter.Andwherediditstart?Itstartedwiththeapplication.Yousee,priortotheInternet,allapplicationswereclientserver thatwasstateoftheart.Andinclientserverwhatyou
hadwas
the
monolithic
server
with
amonolithic
application
in
it,
connected
to
astateful
client,andninetyfivepercentofallthetrafficthatwentoutontoaphysicalnetworkwastravelingbetweentheserverandtheclient.[CLICK]Butinsidethatserverwhatwefoundwasabunchofencapsulatedtraffic.Remember,backintheday,wehaddirectattachedstorage;therewasnonetworkforthestorage.So,allthattrafficwasinsidetheserver,andalltheinterprocesscommunicationthatthatapplicationhad thatwascontainedinthememoryoftheserver.So,onlyafractionofthetrafficwasactuallyonaphysicalnetwork.ButalongcametheInternet,andwhatitexposedwasthefundamentalweaknessinclientserver;thosearchitectureswouldneverscale.See,theyweredesignedtosupporthundredsofusers maybeafewthousandsofusers.ButwhattheInternetgaveuswasthe
opportunityto
reach
out
to
our
employees,
to
our
customers,
to
our
partners
and
touchnotthousandsbuttensofthousands maybemillionsofusers.Andyoucouldneverdothatwithclientserver.Sowehadtochangethewaywedesignedtheapplications.ItwasaDarwinianevent.[CLICK]Necessitydroveachangeinthearchitectureandwemovedtowhattodaywecallserviceorientedarchitectures(orSOA),withrichWeb2.0frontends;federatedapplications.Butfundamentallywhatwedidiswetookthatapplicationthatwascontainedwithintheserverandwedisaggregateditacrossthenetwork.Andso,suddenly,whatwehadwasafundamentalshiftinthedatapatternsinthenetwork.Yes,werestillgoingaftertheclientandwehavemoretrafficgoingintotheclientthaneverbefore.Buttodayitonlyaccountsforabout25%ofthetotaltrafficonadatacenternetwork.Therestofitistrafficbetweenservers;trafficbetweenserversandstorage;and
all
that
traffic
that
used
to
be
in
asingle
server
now
is
exposed
across
anetwork
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afundamentalshiftindatapatterns.
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With95%ofdatacentertrafficmovingnorthandsouthinthetreebetweenusersand
servers,Traditionalhierarchaltreenetworkarchitectureworkedfineintheearlydays.
However,todaystrafficpatternsfindmostnetworktrafficupto75%iseasttowest,
travelingbetweendevices withinthedatacenter.Asaresult,traversingthedatacenter
requiresasmanyasfivenetworkhops,addingbothlatencyandjitter,whichdirectly
impactsapplicationperformance.
Thenewestroleofthenetworkistoprovideafoundationforthecloudsolution.This
architectureneedsflatnetworkswithanytoanyconnectivitythatreduceslatencyand
jitter,enablingoptimalapplicationbehavior.
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Legacydatacenterarchitectureshavetwofundamentalproblems: Theyretoocomplex
andtootopographicallydiverse,whichimpactsperformanceandtheuserexperience.
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Intodaysdatacenternetwork,applicationperformanceisoftendependentonthe
physicallocationofserversthataretryingtocommunicatethatis,whereeachofthe
resource
reside
in
the
tree
hierarchy
relative
to
one
another.
Themorehopsrequiredtocompleteatransaction,themorelatencythattransactionis
subjectedto,contributingtounpredictableapplicationperformance.
Inatypicaltreeconfiguration, wehaveaserverandstorageresourcesthataretypically
containedinalocalizedbubbles.Theresourcesareclosetogetheraspossible,which
worksfinewhenwehavefewapps.Butwhenappsgrowscalabilitybecomesanissue
withtreestructures.
Sowhyarebubblesinteresting? Whenprovisioningordynamicallymigratingavirtual
machineinstance,
the
VM
and
its
external
data
sources
would
ideally
reside
within
the
samebubble.
However,iftheVMisinstantiatedoutsidethisbubble,itmightsuddenlyfinditselfthree
networkhopsawayfromdatasourceandtheapplicationwillslowdown.
ThustreesforcetoproactivelymanagethelocationoftheVMinthephysical
environmentinordertomaintainpredictableapplicationbehavior.
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Anotherproblemwithtreearchitectureisthat,whenanappliancesuchasafirewallor
loadbalancerisinsertedinlineinthenetwork.
Atypicalsegmentation(VLAN)isdefined,theseattributesaregenerallyrelevanttoa
specificbranchinthenetworkessentiallytheycastashadowdownthatbranchofthe
tree.
WhentheVMisinstantiatedwithintheshadowofitsappliances,itwilloperate
properly. However,ifthatsameVMmigratesoutsidetheshadow,atbestitwillrun
slower.
Atworst,theapplicationmayceasetorunatall.
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Inanetwork,therearetwopredominantpointsofmanagement:
theswitchesand
the
interactions
between
the
switches.
Sinceeachswitchisanautonomousdevice,ITmustmanagethemindividually,which
createssignificantoverheadinlargedatacenters.
Theseswitchesalsocommunicatewitheachotherbyusingsharednetworkprotocols
suchasrouting,linkaggregationgroups(LAGs),qualityofservice(QoS)andsecurityall
examplesofprotocolsthatmustbeappliedacrossthenetworkandconfiguredonevery
devicetosupporttheoveralldesign. Thiscausesthenumberofinteractions(often
referredtoascontroltraffic)betweentheswitches,eveniftheyarenotdirectly
connected,togrowgeometrically.
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Thisexplosionofinteractionsfollowsasimpleformulaofn(n1)/2wherenrepresents
thenumberofswitches. Basedonthisformula,10switchescangenerate45such
interactions;
100
switches
can
generate
nearly
5,000
potential
interactions;
and
1,000
switchescancreate5millioninteractions.
Sinceitisnearlyimpossibletodealwiththislevelofincreasingcomplexity,network
operationswilltypicallysegmentthenetworkintosmallersubnetworks.Unfortunately,
thisrunscountertothedesiretoconsolidateallserversandstorageinthedatacenter
intoasinglelarge,moreefficientandmoreelasticpoolofresourcesthevisionbehind
cloudcomputing.
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BusinessBenefitsofQFabric
This
slide
presents
the
business
value
points
of
QFabric.
Application
performance
is
an
importantcomponentofmovingtoanarchitecturethatusesQFabric.Byspeedingup
theaccesslayerandallowingforconcepts,suchasvMotion(theabilitytomoveaVM
aroundthedatacenter),notonlytheendusersbutalsotheadministratorscanbenefit.
ThesecondvaluepointisthatQFabricistheidealfoundationforthemoderncloud,with
virtualizedserverandstorageenvironments.Itscaleswell,allowingforover6000ports,
yetmaintainsthesimplicityofmanagingasingledevice,withaflatanytoany
connectivitywhereeveryportisequal,andistheidealfoundationformovingworkloads
aroundthedatacenterdynamically.
Thethird
point
is
simplicity.
Less
hardware
means
there
are
fewer
components,
which
improvesperformance,power,spaceandcooling,aswellasincreasesreliability.QFabric
isalsosimpletomanage,sinceithastheoperationalsimplicityofaswitch.
Lastly,thenatureofthearchitectureallowscustomerstolowertheirOpExandCapEx.
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ThreeProblemstobeSolved
Theproblems
are
related
to
the
basic
flaws
in
atree
structure
in
adata
center.
The
first
probleminvolveshavingtomanageseveralseparatenetworks.Thisiswhyconvergence
isimportant:gettingstorageandallthenetworkstobeinonephysicalnetwork,and
thenusingvirtualizationtocreatethetrafficseparationthatisrequired.
ThesecondissueiscalledMetcalfesRevenge,whichmeansthat,asthecapacityof
thenetworkisexpandedinalinearfashion,thecomplexityincreasesgeometrically:
(N(N1))/2.OneofthefeaturesofQFabricisthatitismanagedasasingledevice:N=1.
Lastly,theres
the
tree
structure
itself.
Traffic
is
trying
to
go
east
and
west
in
an
architectureoptimizedfornorthsouthtraffic.Processinghastoberepeatedateachhop
inthenetworkor,moreimportantlyforthecloud,itmatterswheretheapplicationis
placedrelativetoitsdata.Thiscanleadtoinconsistentapplicationbehaviorwhenthe
applicationismovedaroundinthenetwork.JunipersQFabricprovidesaflat,anytoany
topologytoconnecteverythinginthedatacentertogether.
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ThreeTypesofFabrics
Three
types
of
fabrics
can
be
considered
in
the
marketplace
today:
marketing,
overlay
andswitchfabrics.
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MarketingFabric
The
basic
tree
structure
made
out
of
Ethernet
networks
is
considered
by
some
marketingdepartmentsasafabric.Itrealityitisnotafabricandthushasnoreal
benefitsforthecustomer.
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ProtocolOverlayFabric
The
second
kind
is
called
a
protocol
overlay
fabric.
This
is
a
design
that
uses
a
classic
spineandleaftopologywheretheleavesaretheaccessnodesintothenetworkandthe
spineistheinterconnect;eachnodeinthespineisconnectedtoeveryleafandevery
leaftoeveryspine.Thisisaclassicnonblockingtopologythatcouldbetracedbackto
Mr.CharlesClos,whocameupwithaminimumnumberofdevicesrequiredtobuilda
nonblockingnetwork.
Thishasbeenusedinthewideareanetworkforyears.Whyhasntitbeenusedatthe
datacenter?IthasntbecauseoftheshortcomingsofEthernet.Ethernetisefficientat
thefirsthop(plugandplay),butonceitgetstothepointwheretherearemultiple
paths,
it
has
shortcomings.
In
the
past,
the
Spanning
Tree
Protocol
(STP)
was
used
to
overcometheissue,butSTPallowsonepathtobeusedwhileblockingothers.This
invariablytranslatestoinefficientuseofresources,particularlybandwidth.
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ProtocolOverlayFabric
To
overcome
STPs
disadvantage,
two
new
protocols
have
been
developed.
The
first
one
isTRILL(TransparentInterconnectionofLotsofLinks)andtheotherisSPB(ShortestPath
Bridging).TheyareusedtocreateLayer2tunnels(similartoMPLS,butattheLayer2
level)andtrafficcanthenbespreadacrossdifferenttunnels.Thisleadstoaflatter
topologyandmakeseveryaccessportrelativelyequal,thususingallthebandwidth.
However,therearestilltwotiersofindividualswitches.Moreimportantly,iteliminates
theneedforSTP.Althoughthisleadstoadramaticimprovementtothenetworksofthe
past,Juniperhasdevelopedanevenbettersolution.
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SwitchFabric
This
leads
to
the
third
fabric
type,
known
as
a
Switch
Fabric.
It
represents
building
a
datacenterfabricthatbehavesasasingleswitch,allowingforasinglenetworkasit
enablesconvergence,ismanagedasasingledevice,andhasflat,anytoany
connectivity.
Thisfabrictypehasthebenefitsofthepreviousfabric,butinsteadoftwotiers,ithas
onlyone.Itistheflattestofallthetopologies,whichmakesitthefastest.Also,it
virtualizeslocality likebefore,everyportisequal anditeliminatestheneedtorun
STP.Thereisnoneedtorunanyprotocol(TRILL,SPB)insidethefabricasitisthe
hardwarethatdoesthetransportfrompointAtopointB,justasthefabricinsidea
switch;hence,thenameandbehavior.
Otherbenefitsincludebeingmoreefficient.Fewerdevicesallowforpowersavings
(whicharedirectlyrelatedtocoolingsavings)aswellasspacesavings.Itisalsosimpler
asitismanagedasasingledevice(N=1).Asimplersolutionwithlessdevicesimplies
thatcustomerscanrealizesubstantialcostsavings.
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Giventheproblemswithlegacydatacenternetworkdesigns,anewarchitectural
approachisrequired,onethatistransformationalandinnovative,notincremental.As
Yankee
Group
researchers
put
it:
The
data
center
network
is
now
the
backplane
of
the
virtualdatacenter.
Theidealnextgenerationnetworkarchitectureformoderndatacenterswoulddirectly
connectallprocessingandstorageelementsinaflat,anytoanynetworkfabric.
Optimizedforperformanceandsimplicity,thisnextgenerationarchitecturewould
addressthelatencyrequirementsoftodaysapplications;supportvirtualization,cloud
computing,convergenceandotherdatacentertrends;scaleelegantly;andeliminate
muchoftheoperationalexpenseandcomplexityoftodayshierarchicalarchitecture.
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JuniperNetworkshasdevelopedacomprehensivestrategydesignedtomakethisnew
fabric
based
data
center
network
design
a
reality.
AttheheartofthisstrategyisJunipers321DataCenterNetworkArchitecture,which
eliminateslayersofswitchingtoflattentodaysthreetiertreenetworkstructuretotwo
layersand,withtheQFabricarchitecture,tojustone.
QFabricisthe1in321.
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Thesimplest,mostagileandmostefficientnetworkcontainonly2switches(for
availability)Ithasthelowestlatencyandanytoanyconnectivityatfullportcapacity
over
a
non
blocking
fabric.
Unfortunately
real
networks
dont
look
like
this
largely
because
Largenumberofportsthatneedtobeaggregated
Multipleoversubscribedswitchingtiersusedtoaggregatethoselargenumberofports
andstilltryanddoitforlowercostthanafullfledgedanytoanyfullmesh
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WiththeSRX,wecandealwiththephysicalflows.WeacqiredacompanycalledAltor.
vGWisafirewallforvirtualizedserverenvironments,whereitallowsyoutoenforce
policies
between
the
networking
flows,
between
VMs.
The
major
benefit
is
getting
visibilityintowhatthoseflowsare,howtheyoperate,andsettingpolicythatisone
policyacrossthenetwork,regardlessofwhetheritsaphysicalfloworvirtualflow.
Juniperistheonlycompanytodaythatcanletyousetonepolicythatrunsacrossboth
theSRXandvGW.
TheinterdatacenterconnectivitywedoverywelltodaywithMPLSandVPLS.
JunosSpacevirtualcontrol.Oneofthebigproblemsthatwehaveinavirtualized
environmentisthatwehaveasetofvirtualconnectionsinsteadofphysicalconnections.
SoVirtualControlisanapplicationthatwedevelopedwithVMwarethatallowskeeping
virtualand
physical
policies
in
sync.
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Nowwehaveasinglepoolorsinglebubbleacrosstheentiredatacenter.
Everythingisequaldistanceandeverythingisonenetworkhopaway. Fromthat
standpoint,
its
the
ideal
seamless
resource
pool
foundation.
TheStratusprojectiswhatcreatedtheQFabric.
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QFabrictrulyisarevolutionaryarchitecture.Althoughinterestingenough,ithasareally
welldefinedoperationalmodelthatpeopleunderstand thatofasingleswitch.What
we
are
building
is
a
flat,
resilient
fabric
where
everything
is
exactly
one
hop
away,
but
it
scaleswithoutcomplexity.Nequalsone.
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Wereallyhadtorethinkthefundamentalwaytoscaleaswitch.Wehadtolookateveryaspectofthedesigntooptimizehowaswitchcanscaleathighperformance.
Dataplane:Theonlywaytoscalethedataplaneistopushtheintelligencetotheedge.The
intelligenceiswhatdealswiththerealworldcomplexityofEthernet,thedifferentprotocolstheswitchhastocommunicatewithexternaldevices.Butwhatsinthemiddleissimplytransport.ItssimplymovingthebitsfrompointAtopointB.Wedonthavetohaveintelligenceinthemiddle.Byhavingtheintelligenceoutthereonedge,Icanscaleatspeed.Moderndatacenterswanttogoasfast,weareat10Gignow.Peoplearealreadyaskingfor40and100Gigsoon.Thatstheonlywaytoscale.
ControlPlane:Ontheotherhand,thecontrolplaneisalittlebitdifferent.Wewanttheintelligencetobeeverywhere.Intelligencehastobelocal,wheretheswitchinghappens,buttheswitchalsohastohaveacentralconsciousnesstoit,sothatthingsarewellcoordinated.Thats
reallywhat
we
talk
about
federated
intelligence.
It
addresses
scale,
but
it
also
retainsresiliency.
ManagementPlane:Finally,wewantamanagementplanewhereN=1.Ithastheoperationalmodelofasingleswitch.WhenwesayN=1,itmeansthatitisonedevicetomanageandtherearenointeractionswithinthefabricitself.Thefabrictakescareofthemanagementdetails.WedontrunspanningtreeorTrilltotrytomanagetheloops,becauseloopsaremanagedthesamewaytheyareintheswitch bythecontrolplaneitself.
Sincewetrulyhaveasinglecontrolplane,viafederated,wecanhaveacompletelydifferentmanagementscheme.SoitislikeasinglepaneofglasstomanageQFabricasifitsasingledevice.
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Letstakeyouthroughabitofajourneyheretotrytoexplainthearchitecture.Imgoing
tostartwiththeconceptofachassisswitch.Itcouldbean8200fromus.Itcouldbea
Nexus
7000,
Catalyst
6500,
or
an
HP
12000.
They
are
all
basically
very
similar
in
how
theybehave.Wehavelinecards,whichcontaintheports.Wehavesomesortofa
centerplaneorbackplanethatyoupluginto.Thenthereisfabriccircuitry,which
interconnectsalltheportsineachlinecardtoalltheotherportsinthelinecards.
Ethernetpacketscomein,someinitialprocessingattheegressport,andthenthebits
aresprayedacrossthebackplaneinanonblockingfashionandreassembledatthefar
sideandthenEthernetout.WhatyouexperienceasauserisEthernetinandEthernet
out,butyoudontmanagethesebits.Itsaveryefficienttransport.
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Onthecontrolplaneside,thereisasingleCPUthatendsupbeingthecentralbrain.We
callitrouteengines.Ciscocallsitasupervisorcard.Itbasicallyisthecentralbrain,but
the
intelligence
is
also
federated,
because
each
of
the
line
cards
has
intelligence.
Where
isthestatemanaged?Theanswerisyes.Itslocal,becausethatiswhatgivesthe
switchitsspeed.Itsalsocentralized,soitcandocontrolplanelearning.Ilearnanew
MACaddress.Everyportknowsaboutit notbecauseIhadtofloodtogetthere,but
becauseitdoescontrolpanelearning.
TheCPUalsoisthepointofconnectionforthemanagementplane.Itprojectsoutthe
CLI,ortheGUI,ortheinterfacetoamoresophisticatedenvironmentlikeJunosSpace,
Tivoli,orsoforth.Italsorunsasetofsoftwarethatautomatesalotofthesoftwarethat
runsthemanagementoftheswitch.Ipluganewlinecardin.Itsautomatically
detected,discovered,configured,andthenbroughtintopartofthesystem.
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Weliketheoperationalmodelofthesingleswitch.Whatwedontlikeisthescaling
model.
Because
when
we
fill
up
all
the
slots,
thats
as
far
as
it
scales.
Now
I
have
to
go
to
a
multitiertypeoftreestructure.
Withmostvendorssolutions,anewswitchneedstobepurchasedtoaddcapacity.
ThisiswhereQFabricinnovationjourneybegan...Wequestionedtraditionalmodeland
evolvedthechassisarchitectureintodistributedchassisarchitecture...
So,wekepttheoperationalmodel,butwechangedthewayitscales.
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Westartbymethodicallybreakingthepiecesupphysically.Onthedataplaneside,itreallystartswiththeseparationofthefabricfromthelinecards.Insteadofusingcoppertracestoconnectthings,weusefiberoptics.Thiswaywegofrombeingabletosupport8linecardsto
128
line
cards.
We
get
a
much
better
scale
and
physical
connectivity,
so
we
can
span
it
across
a
largearea.
Whatdothephysicalcomponentsactuallylooklike?Weputthefabricbitsintoachassisandweoptimizethelinecardsforserverconnectivity a1RU,topoftherack,typeofdesign.Inbetween,wehavefour40Gigabitfibersconnectingituptocenterwithstandardfibers,soOM4,Basically,itsEthernetinandEthernetout.Thisworksexactlythesamewayasafabricinsideofachassisswitch.Itssimplytransport.Whenitstransport,itmeansthedevicescanbesimpler.Theycanbefaster,denser,andlessexpensive,becausetheyonlyhavetodotransport.Theydonthavetodealwiththecomplexitiesoftherealworld.Theydonthavetorunmultipleprotocols.Theydontrunprotocols.Theydoonethingandonethingonly.Wewillneverhaveasinglepointoffailure;theminimumconfigurationistwoofthesechassis.Now,itisatthispointintimewhencustomersbegintogetcurious,becausetheywanttotreatthisasanetwork.Butthesearenotswitches.Noticetherearenoconnectionsbetweenthesetwodevicesonthedataplaneitself.Alllinksareactive.Thehardware,usingtheefficientalgorithm,willsay,Thispacketisgoingupthisfiberandcomingbackdownthatfiber.Itsallbuilt
into
the
hardware
itself.
Its
coordinated
from
the
top
to
manage
link
status
and
so
forth.
Forlargescale,wecanhaveuptofouroftheseinterconnectchassis,withonefiberconnectiontoeachone.Italsogivesgreatestresilience.Thisconfigurationwouldsupport128oftheQF/Nodedevices.EachQF/Nodedevicehas4810Gigports.Thereasonwedrawthepictureasacircleisthatsreallythewayitbehaves.EverythingintherealworldconnectstotheQF/Node,andthefabricissimplytheinterconnectbitsherearesimplytransport.SowecallthesetheQF/Nodesandcenterchassisaretheinterconnectchassis.ItsEthernetinanditsEthernetout,withanefficienttransportprotocolinbetween.Mostoftheprocessingisdoneattheingressportandsomeprocessingisdoneattheegressport,justlikeaswitch.Now,herestheamazingthing.ThisfabricisfasterthananyEthernetchassisswitchmadetoday.Itslessthanfivemicrosecondstogofromaportheretothatporttherewithmaximumcablelengths.Theotherthingis,becausethisisanoncongestingtypeofenvironment,becauseitisarelativelysmallnumberofASICs,thejitterinlatencyisextremelylow.
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Westartbymethodicallybreakingthepiecesupphysically.Onthedataplaneside,itreallystartswiththeseparationofthefabricfromthelinecards.Insteadofusingcoppertracestoconnectthings,weusefiberoptics.Thiswaywegofrombeingabletosupport8linecardsto
128
line
cards.
We
get
a
much
better
scale
and
physical
connectivity,
so
we
can
span
it
across
a
largearea.
Whatdothephysicalcomponentsactuallylooklike?Weputthefabricbitsintoachassisandweoptimizethelinecardsforserverconnectivity a1RU,topoftherack,typeofdesign.Inbetween,wehavefour40Gigabitfibersconnectingituptocenterwithstandardfibers,soOM4,Basically,itsEthernetinandEthernetout.Thisworksexactlythesamewayasafabricinsideofachassisswitch.Itssimplytransport.Whenitstransport,itmeansthedevicescanbesimpler.Theycanbefaster,denser,andlessexpensive,becausetheyonlyhavetodotransport.Theydonthavetodealwiththecomplexitiesoftherealworld.Theydonthavetorunmultipleprotocols.Theydontrunprotocols.Theydoonethingandonethingonly.Wewillneverhaveasinglepointoffailure;theminimumconfigurationistwoofthesechassis.Now,itisatthispointintimewhencustomersbegintogetcurious,becausetheywanttotreatthisasanetwork.Butthesearenotswitches.Noticetherearenoconnectionsbetweenthesetwodevicesonthedataplaneitself.Alllinksareactive.Thehardware,usingtheefficientalgorithm,willsay,Thispacketisgoingupthisfiberandcomingbackdownthatfiber.Itsallbuilt
into
the
hardware
itself.
Its
coordinated
from
the
top
to
manage
link
status
and
so
forth.
Forlargescale,wecanhaveuptofouroftheseinterconnectchassis,withonefiberconnectiontoeachone.Italsogivesgreatestresilience.Thisconfigurationwouldsupport128oftheQF/Nodedevices.EachQF/Nodedevicehas4810Gigports.Thereasonwedrawthepictureasacircleisthatsreallythewayitbehaves.EverythingintherealworldconnectstotheQF/Node,andthefabricissimplytheinterconnectbitsherearesimplytransport.SowecallthesetheQF/nodesandcenterchassisaretheinterconnectchassis.ItsEthernetinanditsEthernetout,withanefficienttransportprotocolinbetween.Mostoftheprocessingisdoneattheingressportandsomeprocessingisdoneattheegressport,justlikeaswitch.Now,herestheamazingthing.ThisfabricisfasterthananyEthernetchassisswitchmadetoday.Itslessthanfivemicrosecondstogofromaportheretothatporttherewithmaximumcablelengths.Theotherthingis,becausethisisanoncongestingtypeofenvironment,becauseitisarelativelysmallnumberofASICs,thejitterinlatencyisextremelylow.
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Westartbymethodicallybreakingthepiecesupphysically.Onthedataplaneside,itreallystartswiththeseparationofthefabricfromthelinecards.Insteadofusingcoppertracestoconnectthings,weusefiberoptics.Thiswaywegofrombeingabletosupport8linecardsto
128
line
cards.
We
get
a
much
better
scale
and
physical
connectivity,
so
we
can
span
it
across
a
largearea.
Whatdothephysicalcomponentsactuallylooklike?Weputthefabricbitsintoachassisandweoptimizethelinecardsforserverconnectivity a1RU,topoftherack,typeofdesign.Inbetween,wehavefour40Gigabitfibersconnectingituptocenterwithstandardfibers,soOM4,Basically,itsEthernetinandEthernetout.Thisworksexactlythesamewayasafabricinsideofachassisswitch.Itssimplytransport.Whenitstransport,itmeansthedevicescanbesimpler.Theycanbefaster,denser,andlessexpensive,becausetheyonlyhavetodotransport.Theydonthavetodealwiththecomplexitiesoftherealworld.Theydonthavetorunmultipleprotocols.Theydontrunprotocols.Theydoonethingandonethingonly.Wewillneverhaveasinglepointoffailure;theminimumconfigurationistwoofthesechassis.Now,itisatthispointintimewhencustomersbegintogetcurious,becausetheywanttotreatthisasanetwork.Butthesearenotswitches.Noticetherearenoconnectionsbetweenthesetwodevicesonthedataplaneitself.Alllinksareactive.Thehardware,usingtheefficientalgorithm,willsay,Thispacketisgoingupthisfiberandcomingbackdownthatfiber.Itsallbuilt
into
the
hardware
itself.
Its
coordinated
from
the
top
to
manage
link
status
and
so
forth.
Forlargescale,wecanhaveuptofouroftheseinterconnectchassis,withonefiberconnectiontoeachone.Italsogivesgreatestresilience.Thisconfigurationwouldsupport128oftheQF/Nodedevices.EachQF/Nodedevicehas4810Gigports.
Thereasonwedrawthepictureasacircleisthatsreallythewayitbehaves.EverythingintherealworldconnectstotheQF/Node,andthefabricissimplytheinterconnectbitsherearesimplytransport.SowecallthesetheQF/nodesandcenterchassisaretheinterconnectchassis.ItsEthernetinanditsEthernetout,withanefficienttransportprotocolinbetween.Mostoftheprocessingisdoneattheingressportandsomeprocessingisdoneattheegressport,justlikeaswitch.Now,herestheamazingthing.ThisfabricisfasterthananyEthernetchassisswitchmadetoday.Itslessthanfivemicrosecondstogofromaportheretothatporttherewithmaximumcablelengths.Theotherthingis,becausethisisanoncongestingtypeofenvironment,becauseitisarelativelysmallnumberofASICs,thejitterinlatencyisextremelylow.
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Directorisalsowhatprovidesthesinglemanagementplane.ItisasingleconsciousnessthatwecantalktoanditprojectsoutaCLIorGUIoraDMIinterfaceintomoresophisticatedorchestrationenvironments.Italsodoesalotofautomation.Forexample,
ifIplug
in
anew
QF/Node
device,
its
automatically
detected
and
discovered.
Its
configuredanditslocalinformationissetupandspreadacrossthefabric.
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ThedistributedcontrolplaneisimplementedontheinterconnectandQF/Nodedevicesandiscentrallymanagedbycontrol
Clusterofphysicalredundantservers.
AllcontroltrafficiscarriedovertwoseparateGElinkstocontrol.
Controlplaneisolatedthefromthedataplane
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NoSinglepointofFailure.QFabrichasresiliencybuiltinatmanystages:Hardware,DataPlane,ControlPlane,ManagementandSoftware.
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ThedistributedcontrolplaneisimplementedontheinterconnectandQF/Nodedevicesandiscentrallymanagedbycontrol
Clusterofphysicalredundantservers.
AllcontroltrafficiscarriedovertwoseparateGElinkstocontrol.
Controlplaneisolatedthefromthedataplane
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FCoETransitSwitch:
TheQFX3500offersafullfeaturedDCBimplementationthatprovidesstrong
monitoring
capabilities
on
the
top
of
rack
switch.Inaddition,FCInitiationProtocol(FIP)snoopingprovidesperimeterprotection,
ensuringthatthepresenceofanEthernetlayerdoesnotimpactexistingSAN
securitypolicies.
FCoEFCGateway:
InFCoEFCgatewaymode,theQFX3500eliminatestheneedforFCoE
enablementintheSANbackbone.
Organizationscanaddaconvergedaccesslayerandinteroperatewithexisting
SANswithoutdisruptingthenetwork.
TheQFX3500allowsupto12portstobeconvertedtoFibreChannelwithout
requiringadditional
switch
hardware
modules.
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58
Therearethreeuniquepiecesofhardware.Thereistheinterconnectchassis,the
QF/Node,andtheDirector.
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Theinterconnectchassisisinahalfrackenvironment sowecanactuallystacktwoon
top.Thefronthastheairintakeandhasthebusinessside.Thesearetheeightfront
facing
fabric
cards.
Each
one
has
16
40
Gigabit
ports.
These
are
QSFP
standard
connectors.Thebacksidehasthedualpowerandredundantfans.Themiddlestageis
fabricsandredundantcontrolboards,whichareaboutmonitoringandmanagingthe
chassisitself.Eachcontrolboardhastwodifferentconnectionstothecontrolplane.We
usestandardEthernetconnectorseverywhere.
Wehaveeighttimes16,or12840Gigconnections.Again,thesearenotswitches,in
thatsense,butifyouadditupusingmarketingmath,whichiscountingbothdirections,
thatis10.2Terabitspersecond.Wecanhaveamaximumoffour.Thats44Terabitsper
second,whichisaninordinateamountofcrosssectionalbandwidth.
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Directorisa2RUIntelbasedserver.Itsaquadchipwithenoughmemoryandlotsof
networking.Ifyouhavetwodifferentpowergridscomingintoyourdatacenterwe
recommend
connecting
them
on
different
power
grids.
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TheQFabrichasbeenindevelopmentfor3yearsandwehave125pendingpatents
applicationsandhavebeengrantedthreesofar.Wehavebeenveryactiveindoingthe
patent
applications,
because
there
is
are
many
unique
innovations
in
QFabric.
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68
Thispictureshowsminimumconfigurationthatwillbeshippedinitially.Twochassiswith
twoconnectionseachwillgivethreetooneoversubscriptionattheQF/Node.Thiswill
be
good
up
to
64
devices
or
just
over
3,000
ports.
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69
Themaximumconfigurationwouldbeaddingtwomorechassisthatcanbasicallyrewire
itsoQF/Nodecanhaveoneconnectioneach.Thatwouldtaketheconfigurationupto
6,144
ports.
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TheQFabricarchitectureprovidescompleteinvestmentprotection,
allowingcustomerstodeploytheQFX3500firstasahighperformancedatacentertop
of
rack
switch
andthentransitionittoaQF/NodeedgedeviceintheQFabricarchitectureattheirown
pace,withoutrequiringawholesalereplacementoftheexistingnetwork.
TheQFabricarchitectureprovidesaclearpathtoasingletierdatacenternetwork,
helpingcustomersimproveapplicationperformanceandattainoperationalflexibility
withminimaladministrativeoverhead.
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Insomeways,wehavenowinterconnectedeverythinginthedatacentertoonegiant
compute/storagefarm.Whataretheapplicationsthatcantakeadvantageofthat?What
will
come
as
a
result
of
it?
..nowthedatacenteristhecomputer..IbelievetherewillbecoolapplicationsthatwillshowupasaresultofQFabric. AndyIngram(VPofMarketing,FSG)
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Assumptions:
*Ports:6000ports
*OS:
3:1
ToR
>
Fabric
Ifwebuilda6000portnetwork,wewouldhavethe4chassis;wewouldhave125ofthe
edgenodes.Thiswouldgiveusacompletenonblockingenvironmentthatbehavesasa
singleswitchinLayer2,Layer3.
Ourcompetitionistryingtodothesamething,buttheyhavetakenadifferent
approach.Wetookacleansheetofpaperanddesignedfromthegroundup,which
meanswehaveminimizedthenumberofpiecesofhardware thenumberofdevices
andmadeitassimpleaspossible.
Ourcompetitorsaretryingtobuildanonblockingflatnetworkoutoftheexisting
buildingblocks.
What
that
looks
like
for
Cisco
fabric
path
is
we
have
Nexus
5000s
at
the
edge,havetworowsofNexus7000s,andIhaveanotherinstantiationtogetmyLayer3
functionalityforthedatacenterbecausetheprotocoltheyrunhereisLayer2only.This
isaprettytypicalwaythatyoubuildaspinalleaftypeoftopologyforanonblocking
fabric.Icanttellyouhowlongittooktodrawalltheselines.
Thescarythingisthateachoneoftheselinesrepresents20differentlinksormore.
Whatyoufindisyoucantactuallybuildthis.Whenyoudothis,whatyouhaveisa
wholebunchofloops,soratherthandoingspanningtree,whichwouldturnoffallthis
bandwidth,theyareusingaTrilllikeprotocolcalledfabricpath.ItisnotTrillanditis
notinteroperable
with
anything
else,
so
it
is
still
proprietary.
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ButwhatitdoesisitcreatesLayer2tunnels butitisonlyLayer2.Theyactuallyhave
separatehardwaretodoLayer3,whichcreatesitsownsetofchallenges,becausenow
youactuallyhavetotrytodocapacityplanningbetweentwoflowsoftrafficthatyou
neverhadtomeasurebefore.
Asapointofcomparison,wehave1/3thenumberofdevices,require2/3lesspower,
90%less
floor
space,
and
we
are
7to
10
times
faster.
Source:
DataSheets
DesignDocuments
InternalTestingresults
ReferenceLinks:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/datacenter/hw/nexus7000/installation/guid
e/n7k_sys_specs.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps9441/ps9670/data_sheet_c78
618603.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9402/products_data_sheets_list.html
*CompetitiveConfiguration:
Spine:
Chassis18slotwith16payloadslots
Linecardsareonlycapableof230Gfabricswitching
10Glinerateperlinecard:23ports
Latency:5usecwithinlinecard
TRILL
like
supported
Edge:
ToRlatency:2usec
10Gdownlink:36ports
10Guplinks:12ports
NoTRILLlikesupported
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Somedatacentersbuilddifferentkindsofnetworksfordifferentkindsofappsandwe
believethatonenetworkshouldsolvealltheproblems,ifdoneright.Wepicked6,000
as
a
big
number,
but
that
also
plays
out
if
you
have
500,
1,000,
3,000,
or
6,000.
TheQFabricarchitecturecanscalefromjustafewhundredtothousandsof
server/storageports,helpingcustomersbuildhighlyscalable,highperformance,highly
efficientcloudready(private,publicorhybrid)datacenterinfrastructures.
Source:
DataSheets
DesignDocuments
InternalTestingresults
Reference
Links:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/datacenter/hw/nexus7000/installation/gui
de/n7k_sys_specs.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps9441/ps9670/data_sheet_c78
618603.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9402/products_data_sheets_list.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps9441/ps9402/white_paper_c1
1516396.html
*CompetitiveConfiguration:
Spine:
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Chassis18slotwith16payloadslots
Linecardsareonlycapableof230Gfabricswitching
10Glinerateperlinecard:23ports
Latency:5usecwithinlinecard
TRILLlikesupported
Edge:
ToRlatency:2usec
10Gdownlink:36ports
10Guplinks:12ports
NoTRILLlikesupported
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Assumptions:(Averagenumbers)
Power/KWH $0.11
HVAC
&
Lighting
/
KWH $0.13
RackSpace/Year $9,000
NetworkEngineer/peryr $200,000
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Assumptions:(Averagenumbers)
Power/KWH $0.11
HVAC
&
Lighting
/
KWH $0.13
RackSpace/Year $9,000
NetworkEngineer/peryr $200,000
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TheQFabricitselfisincustomertrialsaswespeak.Becausethisissolutionandnota
productwegothroughintensiveandextendedcustomertrials.Weareexpectingto
bring
it
to
market
in
Q3
of
this
year.
The
trials
will
probably
last
4
to
6
months,
dependingonthecustomer.
Intermsoffuturedirections,westartedinthemiddleintermsofhowthefabricscales
andthepricepointscales.Wewillhavemegafabricsthatwillultimatelyscaleto10sof
thousandsofphysicalportsandwillhave100softhousandsofvirtualports.Wewill
alsoscaledownthatwillbeveryeconomical.Wewillhave40and100Gigabitaccess
speedsaswell.
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QFabric:Theperformanceandoperationalsimplicityofasingleswitchandthe
scalabilityandresiliencythatyouwouldexpectfromasinglenetwork.
Webelievethiswilltransformthedatacenternetwork.QFabricwillmakeitbetterfor
doingvirtualization.QFabricwillmakeitsimplertomanage.QFabricwillmakethedata
centerbetter,whichgivesitabetterlevelofagility.Insteadofhavingthetradeoff,we
believewecandriveuserexperience,andthequalitythereof,andtheeconomicstoa
higherlevel,aswellastakethecosttoalowerlevel.
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83
Achangeindatacenternetworkdesignisneededtoensurethatorganizationscantake
fulladvantageoftheirinvestmentsinnewapplications,virtualization,andstorageand
compute
resources.
The
most
efficient
way
for
resources
to
interact
is
for
them
to
be
no
morethanasinglehopawayfromeachother.Itstimetobreakthenetworkbarriers
andbuildanetworkenvironmentthatisoptimizedforperformanceandsimpleto
operate.
QFabricarchitecturewouldaddressthelatencyrequirementsoftodaysapplications,
eliminatethecomplexityoflegacyhierarchicalarchitectures,scaleelegantly,and
supportvirtualization,convergence,andcloudcomputingandotherdemanding
requirementsforthenextgenerationdatacenter.
Insomeways,wehavenowinterconnectedeverythinginthedatacentertoonegiant
compute/storagefarm.
What
are
the
applications
that
can
take
advantage
of
that?
What
willcomeasaresultofit?
..wealwayssaidthenetworkisthecomputer,butnowthedatacenteristhecomputer...IbelievetherewillbecoolapplicationsthatwillshowupasaresultofQFabric. AndyIngram(VPofMarketing,FSG)
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84
HereisrearviewofQFX3500switch
Itishighperf,highden10Gswitchdesignedspecificallyfordatacenterdeployments
It hasmax6310g ports,440gports
Featuring48dualmode10Gports,andfourQSFP+portsina1Uformfactor
QFX3500deliversrichLayer2andLayer3connectivitytodevicessuchasrackservers,
bladeservers,storagesystems.
Itisahighperformanceswitch,offersflexiblelatncymodeswithcutthroughorstore&
forward:bothwithsubmicroseclatency.
Forconvergedserverenvironments,theQFX3500isalsoastandardsbasedFibre
ChanneloverEthernet(FCoE)transitswitchand
FCoEto
Fibre
Channel
(FCoE
FC)
gateway,
enabling
customers
to
protect
their
investmentsinexistingdatacenteraggregationandFibreChannelstorageareanetwork
(SAN)infrastructures
Features
JunosL2andL3
RichDCBimplementation
FCoETransitSwitch/FIPsnooping
FCoEFCGateway(NPIV)
40Greadyhardware
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Laye2switching&FeatureRichDCB
ULLcutthroughorstore&forward,LargeMACtableof96K,Servervirtualization
supportinhardware
Layer3switching
ULLcut
through
or
store
&
forward,
Layer
3protocols
in
2H2011
FCoEtransitSwitch/FIPSnoopingandcanprovideFCoEFCGatewayfunctionlaitforup
to12FCPorts
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Highfrequencytradinginfinancialservicesuserealtimemarketfeedstoenactmillionsoftradespersecond.Financialinstitutions suchasJPMorganrelyonhighspeednetworkstocarrythesetransactions.Forthem,fasteraccesstotransactions=more
money.
Highperformancecomputing(HPC)usesparallelprocessingforrunningadvancedintensiveoperationsefficientlyandquickly.ThemostcommonusersofHPCsystemsarescientificresearchers,seismographers,militaryandacademicinstitutions.
Infinancial andHPCsector,highperforamnce:lowlatency,LowOversubscription inlowornonblockingconfigurations isakeycriterionforgainingcompetitiveadvantage.IfwelookatexistingplayerssuchasArsita,CiscoorBNT,therehasbeentradeoffbetweenlatency,wirespeedperfandportdensity.
Notanymore withQFX3500
Portdensity
means
fewer
devices,
lesser
number
of
hops
enable
faster
communication
andminimizesoverallapplicationlatencyandshrinkdatacenterfootprint.Scalabilityandportdensitymeansthatthenetworkcanbeexpandedtomeetincreasingdemands.Highthroughputwithabilitytosendlargefilesormanysmallfileswithinacertainamountoftime iscriticalformarketdatadelivery
Financialsrequire
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QFX3500combineshighperformancewithultralowlatencywithconsistentperand
highportdens.
Delivering
sub
microsecond
low
latencies
demand
cut
through
and
shared
memory
switchingtechnologies.QFX3500
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Cloudbasedapplicationsprovideuniqueadvantagesforondemandprovisioningand
elasticcomputing
capacity
with
a
pay
as
you
go
pricing
model.Thereqsare:
Scale
HighPortdensity
LargenumberofVLANs
LargeMACaddresstables(VMs):asEastWestVMtrafficinflatL2network
needlargeMACtablesonedgeofnetwork
I/oConvergencetoreducenumberofCNAsandachieveeconomies
WithQFX3500,TargetissmallscalePrivateandPublicCloudsforL2/L310Gserver
access
Cloudcomputingtakestheformofwebbasedtools,applicationsorstoragethatusers
canaccessthroughaweb dynamically.
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JuniperssolutionsprovidesthescaleandelasticityneededforCloud
Large
(63)
10GbE
port
densityWithLargest96KMACaddresstables,itSupportlargeL2domain
Ciscocanonlyprovidemax48portwithanexpansionmodule,theydontfullfullI/o
convergenceandhavelimitedmactable
WcaneasilybeatAristaasithasnosacle,withnopathtofabricandlimitedvirtualz
support.
QFX3500providesManagementSimplificationreqiredforcloudsproviderAspartoffabric,multipleQFX3500canbemanagedasasingledevice,which
leadstolesscomplexityandsavingsinopex.
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ForAtypicalEnterprisesuchasGM,Mercado,datacneterisacostcenter.
TheEnterprisemarketissegmentedintoSmall,midlevelenterpriseandlarge
:
Agregation
:
10G,
L3SmallmidEnterpriseDC:10GusedforDCAggregation.
Keycharacteristsare highavailability,portdensityandavailabilityof
L2/L3switchingandroutingprotocol.
OntopoftheseLargeEnterprise:need10Ginaccess.
AlsostaorageconvergencewithFcoetransitandgatewayfunhelpsconsolidateresorce
andsavecost.
TheincumbenetweseeherewillbeCiscowith4900MandNx5548.
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QFXstandsoutamongstalltheswitchesinthese3segments
In
HFT/HPC
it
is
the
Fastest
(sub
microsecond
at
all
packet
sizes)
and
with
L3
at
all
ports
InClouditofferstelargetsportdensityandvirtualzationsacle
Inenterprise,itprovidesoptimuncost/portintermsofopexandpower,sapceusageas
wellasamangeabilityaspartoffabric.
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CompetitivevendorscansupportonlyasubsetofLAfeatures.
CiscooffersFCoEandFCgatewayfunctionalitybut lacks:
ULLFullL3toeveryport
VEPAor
40Euplinks.
AristaoffersULL,40GEuplinks(maybe),partialL3butlacks
fullL3
BNToffersultralowlatencyandL3butlacks
FCgateway
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Su:Tomeetthesedifferentneeds,customershavetochoosedifferentswitchestoday.forfinancialapplications wherelowlatencyiscriticalArista7100ispreferredthoughitdoesnotofferportdensityandscale.
ForScaleddatacenters,Cisco5548withits48 10gportsandpathtofabricissuitable.Similarlyforenterprisedatacenters,customersareforcedtocompromiseon
performanceanddeploycatalyst4900tomeetbudget.Introducing PerformancerichQFX3500.It canaddressmultipleDCapplications that
previouslycouldonlybeaddressedwithmultipleswitchesorbysacrificing
functionality.
QFX3500superiorineachsegmentof10GETORwithNocompromisesonfaster,bigger,cheaperandWithoutaddingcomplexity
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Depth
28
Air flow
Front to back
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