introduction cerebrospinal fluid (csf) –what is it? –what does it do? –disorders the blood...
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)– What is it?– What does it do?– Disorders
• The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) – What is it?– What does it do?– Disorders
Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid
• Fills the spaces in the brain and spinal cord
• Acts as a cushion or shock-absorber
• Provides appropriate local environment
• Medium of exchange
Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid
• Fills the spaces in the brain and spinal cord
• Acts as a cushion or shock-absorber
• Provides appropriate local environment
• Medium of exchange
FORMATION70% from choroid plexus30% from around cerebral vessels and along the walls of the ventricles
Secretory Activity of Epithelial CellsEvidence•Expose Lat. Ventricles Flow of fluid•Catheter into the 3rd ventricle can collect fluid
CSF Content in Man: 130 -150 mls of which:30 mls in ventricular system rest in subarachnoid space
CSFCSF
CompositionComposition
• Filtration and diffusion from blood
But CSF not simply an ultrafiltrate of Plasma
• Facilitated diffusion (carrier molecules) e.g. Glucose, Amino Acids
• Active Transport (ATP dependent)e.g. Ma+ K+ ATPase
CSF CompositionCSF Composition
Plasma CSF
Water Content 93% 99%
Osmalality
(mOsm/L)295 295
pH 7.41 7.33
Ionic Composition of CSF & Ionic Composition of CSF & Plasma UltrafiltratePlasma Ultrafiltrate
(mM/Kg H(mM/Kg H22O)O)
PLASMA CSF
Na++ 150 147
K+ 4.5 2.8*
Ca++ 3.0 2.0*
Mg++ 1.5 2.2
Cl- 99.0 113.0*
pH 7.4 7.33
Osmolality 289 289
PLASMA CSF
Protein
(mg/dL)6000 20
Glucose
(mg/dL)100 64
Cholesterol
(mg/dL)175 0.2
CSF Composition v PlasmaCSF Composition v Plasma
Reduced Unchanged Increased
K+ 60% Na+ Mg2+ 600%
CA2+ 45% HCO3- Cr 115%
Glucose 37%
Protein 5%
PLASMA CSF
Protein
(mg/dL)6000 20
Glucose
(mg/dL)100 64
Cholesterol
(mg/dL)175 0.2
CSF DisordersCSF Disorders
• If Pressure/volume drops (e.g. spinal tap) Headache
• If pressure/volume increases (e.g. drainage blocked, hydrocephalus) Severe brain damage/retardation
CSF DisordersCSF Disorders
• If Pressure/volume drops (e.g. spinal tap) Headache
• If pressure/volume increases (e.g. drainage blocked, hydrocephalus) Severe brain damage/retardation
Morphological BarrierMorphological Barrier
Capillary Endothelium cells of the brain capillaries have TIGHT JUNCTIONS not FENESTRATIONS as other capillaries
This limits access to molecules with MW greater than 2000
Factors Regulating PassageFactors Regulating PassageAcross BBBAcross BBB
• LIPID SOLUBITLITY– High Lipid Solubility Greater Access
• DEGREE OF IONISATION– Drugs ionised at physiological pH (7.4) Less
access– Drug pKa value = pH at which 50% of drug
molecules are ionised
• DEGREE OF PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING– In bound state too large to cross BBB
Factors Regulating PassageFactors Regulating PassageAcross BBBAcross BBB
• LIPID SOLUBITLITY– High Lipid Solubility Greater Access
• DEGREE OF IONISATION– Drugs ionised at physiological pH (7.4) Less
access– Drug pKa value = pH at which 50% of drug
molecules are ionised
• DEGREE OF PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING– In bound state too large to cross BBB
Glucose TransportGlucose Transport
• Facilitated transport of monosaccharides• Specific to D-glucose (L-glucose and fructose are not transported
• Competitive * 2-deoxyglucose > glucose > 3.0 – methyl glucose > mannose
* Not metabolised in brain Labelled form used as a marker of cell activity in PET
Amino Acid TransportAmino Acid Transport
FACILITATED TRANSPORT COMPETITIVE CARRIER SYSTEM
i.e. large neutral amino acids compete for the same carrier system
Amino Acid TransportAmino Acid TransportReadily Transported Virtually ExcludedPhenylalanine) AlanineLeucine ) Large ProlineTyrosine ) Glutamic AcidIsoleucine ) neutral Aspartic AcidTryptophan ) GAB (ال -amino butyric acid)Methionine ) amino GlycineValine )Threonine ) acidsHistidine )
L-DOPA
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS TRANSMITTER AMINO ACIDS
TRANSPORTED NOT TRANSPORTED
Transmitter Precursor Amino Acid Amino Acid Synthesised from glucose metabolites
Metabolic BarriersMetabolic Barriers
• Endothelial cells, rich in certain metabolic enzymes, e.g. Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
• Unable to use DOPAMINE to treat Parkinson’s Disease because– Ionised at pH 7.4– Metabolised by MAO
• Use precursor L-DOPA + PERIPHERAL DOPA DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR– L-DOPA enters CNS as unionised at pH 7.4– Inhibitor prevents conversion of L-DOPA to
dopamine outside the brain– Inhibitor does not enter CNS as ionised at pH 7.4
BBB DisordersBBB Disorders
• Tumours– Leaky BBB
• Increased nutrients, increased growth
• Infiltration– Infection
• Increased antibiotic permeability
• Ischaemia– Cellular damage
• Increased water, oedema
Non Barrier RegionsNon Barrier RegionsAreas where capillaries with “tight junctions” replaced by normal fenestrated endothelia.
Peptides and small organic mols can cross
Post-pituitary
• Median eminence: * Oxytocin, Vasopressin
• Area postrema:
• * chemoreceptor zone – vomiting
• Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
• Angiotensin II receptors
•Subfornicular organ
• * Angiotensin II receptors
SummarySummary
• Differences between plasma and CSF• Morphological features – tight junctions• Active transport• Role of choroid plexus & arachnoid villi• Some drugs enter brain others excluded• Lipid solubility/degree of ionisation• Facilitated transport – L-glucose/some
amino acids• Non Barrier Regions
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