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Introduction to
Animation
by
Sagar Kanojia
What is Animation?
Working with the person next to you, write a definition of
animation.
You cannot use any resources (dictionary, Internet, etc).
You must come up with the definition by yourselves.
You will be sharing your definition with the rest of the class.
Write your definition in your notes.
What is Animation?
Animation is the art of creating a series of differing
images that create the appearance of
movement when played in rapid succession over
time.
Websters: The act or process of imparting life, spirit
or motion.
Art in movement
The art of movement
Movement
Movement makes static drawings come alive.
It is the quality of the movement (the life) that matters, not the quality of a particular image or drawing or frame of film.
Whether it is a drawing or a lump of clay, the animator places life and meaning into the material by making it move!
What does it take to be an
Animator?
A fascination with the way things move.
Sharp observational skills
A willingness to be an actor!
Problem solving skills
Lots of patience
A little bit of perseverance!
How do pictures move?
A trick of the human eye and the brain
Obviously, the images don’t actually move!
The illusion of movement is created by a
physiological phenomenon called persistence of
vision.
Persistence of Vision
Light is captured by the eye
The image is focused upon the
retina (at the back of the eye).
• The brain reads and interprets the image.
• The brain retains the image slightly longer
than it is actually registered on the retina.
Timeline: A History of Animation
1828 – The Thaumatrope
A simple mechanical toy that created the illusion of
movement was made popular by Paul Roget.
1844 - Theatre Optique,
Paris
Emil Reynaud opens his Theatre
Optique in Paris. The Praxinoscope实用镜contained mirrors placed on an inside column that reflected out the
sequential drawings that were on the
inside of the drum. He was able to
project 80 frames without changing
reels and could project 10 to 15
minute "films". But the advent of film
drove him out of business and in 1910
he threw all his equipment into a river
and died destitute in a sanatorium in
1918.
1893 - The Kinetoscope投映机
Thomas Edison invents the Kinetisocope. Reels of
celluloid were stretched over a set of wheels that passed
in front of a viewing window. Only one viewer at a time
could watch.
1894 – First Copyrighted Film
Thomas Edison copyrights the first motion picture, The Record Of A Sneeze.
Thomas Edison opens his Kinetiscope Parlor in New York.
1906 – First example of Frame-By-
Frame Animation James Stuart Blackton makes Humorous
Phases Of Funny Faces. This film is usually
considered the first known example of
animation as some of the drawn sequences
are shot frame-by-frame. Blackton used a
combination of blackboard and chalk
drawing and cutouts to achieve animation.
Play Movie
1914 – Gertie the Dinosaur
Winsor McCay's Gertie The Dinosaur was the first major triumph in character animation (it is still a marvelous film). It was shown as a film in the theaters and also as a multimedia event on stage with McCay interacting with the animated Gertie.
Play Movie
1920 – Felix The Cat
Felix The Cat, the most popular character
and series of this period, is created by
Otto Messmer of Sullivan's studio.
1926 – Adventures of Prince
AchmedAdventures Of Prince Achmed, a one-hour shadow
puppet film was released. This film is considered to be the
oldest surviving feature-length animated film.
Play Movie
1928 – Mickey Mouse is
born!
Steamboat Willy, starring a little mouse
named Mickey, opens in New York in
November 1928. It is the first successful
animated film with sound. It made
Mickey Mouse a star and launched the Disney Studios.
Play Movie
1932 – Animation Wins an
Oscar
Flowers And Trees, by Disney Studios, won the first Academy Award for Animation. This film was the first to use three strip Technicolor in animation.
Line & Cell Animation becomes the standard animation technique for the next 60 years!
Play History of Disney
1993 – Stop-Motion
Animation
Nightmare Before Christmas, by
Tim Burton, is released. A
departure from traditional cell
animation. Uses stop-motion
object animation.
Play Movie
1994 – A Billion Dollar
AnimationThe Lion King is released by
Disney. This animated film made
over $1 billion in theaters. It
became a world-wide
phenomenon!
1995 – Computer
Animated Film
Toy Story, is the first computer
animated feature film released
and it takes in more money at
the box office than any other
film in 1995.
Play Movie
Traditional animation(2D, Cel, Hand
Drawn)Traditional animation, sometimesreferred to as cel animation, is one ofthe older forms of animation, in it theanimator draws every frame to createthe animation sequence. Just like theyused to do in the old days of Disney. Ifyou’ve ever had one of those Flip-bookswhen you were a kid, you’ll know what Imean. Sequential drawings screenedquickly one after another create theillusion of movement.
There are four basic techniques used
in animation. These are:
Drawn animation.
Model animation
Stop motion animation.
Computer animation or computer
generated imagery (CGI)
Stop motion is an animation techniquethat physically manipulates an object sothat it appears to move on its own. Theobject is moved in small incrementsbetween individually photographedframes, creating the illusion ofmovement when the series of frames isplayed as a fast sequence. Dolls withmovable joints or clay figures are oftenused in stop motion for their ease ofrepositioning.
Stop motion animation using plasticine iscalled clay animation or "clay-mation".Not all stop motion requires figures ormodels; many stop motion films caninvolve using humans, householdappliances and other things forcomedic effect. Stop motion can alsouse sequential drawing in a similarmanner to traditional animation, such asa flip book. Stop motion using humans issometimes referred to as pixilationor pixilate animation.
Model animationModel animation is a form of stopmotion animation designed to mergewith live action footage to createthe illusion of a real-world fantasysequence.
Techniques
Many types of models have been created anddeveloped and are mainly depended on thebudget of the film:
Clay Models: Unlike most clay figures used foranimation, clay models have an inner metalskeleton designed to allow them realisticmovements and expressions
Model animation
Build-Up Models: these type of models are more expensive and detailed than clay models. they are made by building up pieces of foam on a metal skeleton it to create a body, and then either brushing on several layers of liquid latex on top, or casting soft rubbery skins and attaching then to the padded armature.
Model animation
"Casted" Models: this type of models are the most expensive type used in the industry and are longer-lasting than the other types. these models start as clay sculptures that on top of them a 2 (or more) part mold is made in order to reproduct all the details of it. then the mold parts are assembled with an armature inside of them, and are filled with a liquid material (foam latex, silicone rubber, urethan foam, etc.) that then forms a soft rubbery "flesh" over the skeleton.
Traditional animation(2D, Cel, Hand
Drawn)TVPaint
A french animation software,
TVPaint is the all-in-one 2D
animation software you’ll ever
need. It’s definitely more robust
and complex than Photoshop, but
it’s also much pricier. This software is
for professional animators and
studios.
Traditional animation(2D, Cel, Hand
Drawn)Toon Boom Harmony
Toon Boom offers a user friendly set
of animation programs that has
advanced rigging systems, effects
and camera tools. It is vector
based, but the more advanced
version also has the option for
bitmap drawing.
2D Animation (Vector-Based)2D animation is the term often used whenreferring to traditional hand drawnanimation, but it can also refer tocomputer vector animations that adoptsthe techniques of traditional animation.
Vector-based animations, meaningcomputer generated 2D animations,usesthe exact same techniques as traditionalanimation, but benefits from the lack ofphysical objects needed to maketraditional 2D animations, as well as theability to use computer interpolation tosame time.
2D Animation (Vector-Based)
Animation is different from other
parts. Its language is the language
of caricature. Our most difficult job
was to develop the cartoon’s
unnatural but seemingly natural
anatomy for humans and animals.
Walt Disney
2D Animation (Vector-Based)
There are four basic techniques used
in animation. These are:
Drawn animation.
Model animation
stop motion animation.
Computer animation or computer
generated imagery (CGI)
2D Animation (Vector-Based) Adobe Animate (Formerly known as
Flash)
Probably the most popular 2D animationsoftware out there. Animate has a long lineageof animation making, dating back to the earlydays of internet video publishing. It is vectorbased, very intuitive to use (as are most ofAdobe’s programs) and relatively inexpensive.It’s great for getting started with 2D animation,and though it’s not meant for professionalanimation production (unlike Toon BoomHarmony) you can still get amazing results
with it.
2D Animation (Vector-Based) Adobe After Effects
An interesting choice for 2D animation. Aftereffects gives you great controlwhen creatingrigs for 2D, and using the puppet tool is veryconvenient and intuitive and it to be a greatchoice if you’re already comfortable with theAdobe environment, but that’s a matter ofpreference. Since it’s an editing software it’sgreat to be able to edit and color correct inthe same place you animate, and while it’snot the traditional way the pipeline works, itcould save some
time.
3D Animation 3D animation, also referred to as CGI, or
just CG, is made by generating imagesusing computers. That series of imagesare the frames of an animated shot.
The animation techniques of 3Danimation has a lot of similarities with stopmotion animation, as they both deal withanimating and posing models, and stillconforms to the frame-by-frameapproach of 2D animation, but it is a lotmore controllable since it’s in a digitalwork-space.
3D Animation Instead of drawn or constructed with clay,
characters in 3D animation are digitally modeled in the program, and then fitted with a ‘skeleton’ that allows animators to move the models.
Animation is done by posing the models on certain key frames, after which the computer will calculate and perform an interpolation between those frames to create movement.
When the modeling and/or animation is complete, the computer will render each frame individually, which can be very time-consuming, depending on the quality of the images and the quantity of polygons in the scene.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
1. Concept and Storyboards
2. 3D Modeling
3. Texturing
4. Rigging
5. Animation
6. Lighting
7. Camera Setting
8. Rendering
9. Compositing and Special VFX
10. Music and Foley
11. Editing and Final Output
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
1. Concept and Storyboards
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
2. 3D Modeling: 3D Modeling is not drawing!
After the storyboards are finished and approved
by the client, the task of building the props,
environment and characters begin. The proper
term is called ‘modeling’.
Modeling is the process of taking a shape and
molding it into a completed 3D mesh. The most
typical means of creating a 3D model is to take
a simple object, called a primitive, and extend
or “grow” it into a shape that can be refined
and detailed.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
Primitives can be anything from a single point
(called a vertex), a two-dimensional line (an
edge), a curve (a spline), to three dimensional
objects (faces or polygons). Using the specific
features of your chosen 3D software, each one
of these primitives can be manipulated to
produce an object.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
3. Texturing
The art of giving clothes to the 3D models.
When a 3D model is created, 2D images can beoverlaid on it to add colors, designs, and textures. This iscalled mapping, and often the entirety of a model’scolor comes from this. These maps can be created inprograms like Photoshop, and the illusions of texturescan be brushed onto the models as easily as if youpainted them yourself; some animators even use realphotographs of the textures they’re trying to create,simply captured and then altered to make seamlessrepeatable patterns.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
3. Texturing
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation4. Rigging and Skinning
We’ve gotta put in those skeletons into a 3D character before he can move!
Setting up a character to walk and talk is the last stage before the process of character animation can begin. This stage is called ‘rigging and skinning’ and is the underlying system that drives the movement of a character to bring it to life.
Rigging is the process to setting up a controllable skeleton for the character that is intended for animation. Depending on the subject matter, every rig is unique and so is the corresponding set of controls.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
4. Rigging and Skinning
Skinning is the process of attaching the 3D
model (skin) to the rigged skeleton so that the
3D model can be manipulated by the controls
of the rig.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
5. Animation
Animation is the process of taking a 3D object and
getting it to move. Animation comes in a few different
flavors. There’s keyframe animation, where the
animator manipulates the objects on a frame-by-frame
basis, similar to old hand-drawn cartoons. Other
methods of animation include placing objects on
splines and setting them to follow the path of the curve,
or importing motion capture data and applying it to a
character rig. Yet another way to animate is to use your
3D application’s built-in physics engines, such as when
your scene requires that objects fall.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
6.Lighting in a 3D world is just as essential as it is in
real life.
Lighting, (in combination with textures, camera
angle etc.) is where a scene has the potential to
come alive. Used improperly, light can wash out a
scene, make objects appear hard or flat, and
destroy all the hard work. But skillfully applied,
lighting can makea scene convincing, or if realism
is the aim, create (in combination with materials
and geometry), a scene that is virtually
indistinguishable from real life.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation7.Camera Angles and Techniques
Good camera angles and techniques make the difference between good cinematograhy and bad ones.
8. Rendering
This is where the graphics get ‘made’ and exported…but it’s not the end yet!!! Rendering an image is typically the last step in the 3D production pipeline (but not the last step in the overall production pipeline), and is perhaps the most important part. It is a step often overlooked or glossed over by beginners, who are more focused on creating models and animating them.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
There are many aspects to creating a good final
render of a scene, including attention to camera
placement, lighting choices which may affect
mood and shadows, reflections and transparency,
and the handling of special effects, like fluids or
gasses.
.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation
9. Compositing and Special FX
This is where the final renders are brought into compositing programs to edit, touch-up and add on special effects.
Compositing includes everything from what your probably normally think of as special effects, where things explode, evaporate, morph, etc. It also includes stage extensions (making the scene stage larger digitally in post production), to environment creation (anything from buildings to complete worlds), to
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation9. Compositing and Special FX
blue/green screen replacement (shooting in-front
of a blue or green screen and then replacing the
background with digitally created footage or
footage shot elsewhere). Basically, the art of
taking live footage and blending it with computer
generated footage would be considered
compositing.
3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation10. Music and Foley
Music and foley (sound effects) are added to give
the animation the extra depth and boost in audio
enjoyment.
11 Editing and Final Output
This is where it ends! This is where it all ends! This is
where the composited renders, music and foley
are compiled and edited to ensure that everything
is in synchronization. Once satisfied, the compiled
product is exported as one of the many formats
suitable for broadcasting standards and delivered
to the client!
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