introduction to biofuels and bioenergy why biofuels and bioenergy executive order s-06-06...
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Introduction to Biofuels and Bioenergy
Why Biofuels and Bioenergy• Executive Order S-06-06
Biofuel/Bioenergy Production and Use
• Executive Order S-01-07 Low-Carbon Fuel Standard
• Strategic Directive 9.2Encourage development of alternative energy and bio-fuels
• Strategic Directive 9.3Play an active role in Bioenergy Interagency Working Group
• Climate Change Implications
What Are BiofuelsBiofuels
Renewable fuels produced from biomass resources to make liquid or gas fuel
– Ethanol– Biodiesel– Compressed or Liquid Natural Gas– Hydrogen– Dimethyl Ether (diesel-like fuel– Biobutanol
Feedstock for Biofuels and Bioenergy
• Forest and Agricultural Biomass
• Urban Biomass
• Biomass fraction of MSW
• Landfill Gas
Biomass Resources in California
• Gross resources are 80 billion bone dry tons annually
• Three principal resources are agriculture, forestry, and waste
• Forestry in northern and central mountains
• Agriculture in Central Valley
• Waste in Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area
Source: California Biomass Collaborative
Waste Characterization in California
Other Mixed and Mineralized
8%
Glass2%
Paper/Cardboard20%
Food15%
C&D Lumber10%
Other Organics4%
Metal8%
Other C&D12%
Textiles 5%
Film Plastic4%
Leaves and Grass4%
Prunings, trimmings, branches and stumps
3%
All non-Film Plastic5%
Fraction of waste
stream (%)
Biomass 56
Plastics/ textiles
14
Inorganic 30
Total 100
• 42 million tons disposed in 2005
• 23 million tons biological in origin
• 5.7 million tons plastic and textiles
Post-MRF Residuals
• Targeted Feedstock
• Single-Stream - 496,000 Tons
• Multi-Stream - 35,931 Tons
• Mixed Waste - 6.7 Million Tons
• Construction and Demolition - 161,736 Tons
Available Residuals – Single Stream (496,000 Tons)
Available Residuals – Multi Stream (35,931 Tons)
Available Residuals – Mixed Waste (6.7 Million Tons)
Available Residuals – C&D (161,736 Tons)
Biofuels/Bioenergy ProductionThermochemical Processes
– PyrolysisVery little air/oxygen added or none at all750o F to 1500o F
– GasificationSome air/oxygen used but less than for incinerationBegins at 1300o F
Technology Primary Product Secondary Product Residue
Gasification Fuel Gas
Synthesis Gas
Fuels, Chemicals, Power
Char, Ash
Pyrolysis Fuel Gas
Synthesis Gas
Pyrolytic oils
Fuels, Chemicals, Power
Char, Ash
Biofuels/Bioenergy Production
Biochemical Processes– Anaerobic Digestion
Bacteria breaks down feedstockNo oxygen
– FermentationAlso anaerobic processMicrobes used to produce ethanol
Technology Primary ProductSecondary
ProductResidue
Anaerobic Digestion
BiogasHeat, Electricity,
Fuels, Soil Amendment
Lignin, inorganics
Fermentation Ethanol Lignin, inorganics
TECHNOLOGY TYPE COMMERCIAL OR R&D STATUS VENDOR PROJECT STATUS
Pyrolysis to Electricity Commercial scale in Japan. Pilot-scale facility in California
IES Second round of emissions testing to be validated by SCAQMD. Health risk assessment underway.
Gasification to Ethanol Pilot-scale facility in Arkansas. Biorefinery to be built in Florida
BRI Energy & Alico
Alico received DOE biorefinery grant. Will use BRI technology
Gasification to Electricity Commercial scale in Japan. None in California
Various Two companies short-listed by Los Angeles County
Acid Hydrolysis Demonstration scale in Ohio and Japan (separate companies). Bluefire
Ethanol to construct commercial-scale facility at El Sobrante
Landfill
Bluefire Ethanol Bluefire Ethanol recipient of DOE and Energy Commission grants
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Demonstration facility in Canada. Commercial-scale facility to be constructed in Idaho. R&D on
enzymes continuing.
Iogen (Canada) Iogen recipient of DOE biorefinery grant
Enclosed Anaerobic Digestion Commercial scale in Europe and Israel. Commercial-scale facility under construction in Australia. Small demonstration plant at UC Davis
campus.
Arrow EcologyOnSite Power
Arrow Ecology short-listed by Los Angeles County
Major Technology Types and Status
Operating Facilities
Biochemical– Predominantly anaerobic digestion in Europe– Installed capacity in 2000 = 1.1 million TPY– Installed capacity in 2004 = 2.8 million TPY– 250% increase!!!
Thermal– Gasification and Waste-to-Energy in
Japan
AD Capacity in Europe
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Cap
acit
y (
mil
lio
n t
on
s/y
)
*
Solid Waste Anaerobic Digester Capacity in Europe
AD Facilities
• Kompogas (Switzerland)• Arrow Bio (Israel)• DRANCO (Belgium)• Valorga (France)• BTA (Germany)• Biopercolat (Germany)• CiTec (Finland)• Linde-KCA (Germany)
Hydrolysis/Fermentation Facilities
• BlueFire Ethanol
• Masada Oxynol
• Genahol/Waste-to-Energy
• BRI
DOE cellulosic biorefinery commercialization awards
• Abengoa Bioenergy – Kansas
• Alico(BRI technology) - Florida
• BlueFire - California
• Broin – South Dakota
• Iogen - Idaho
• Range Fuels - Georgia
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