introduction to internet protocol by saikiran panjala

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The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol

by which data is sent from one computer to another

on the internet.Each computer (known as a host) on

the Internet has one IP address that uniquely

identifies it from all other computers on the

Internet. 

A set of interconnected networks The Internet is the most famous example

Networks can be completely different Ethernet, ATM, modem, …

A protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities. 

In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication

Responsible for end to end transmission Sends data in individual packets Maximum size of packet is determined by the

networks Fragmented if too large

Unreliable Packets might be lost, corrupted, duplicated,

delivered out of order

TCP/IP UDP HTTP FTP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.

Different view – 4 layers Layer 1 : Link Layer Layer 2 : Network Layer Layer 3 : Transport Layer Layer 4 : Application Layer

Reliable, full-duplex, connection-oriented, stream delivery Interface presented to the application doesn’t

require data in individual packets Data is guaranteed to arrive, and in the correct

order without duplications Or the connection will be dropped

Imposes significant overheads

Connections are established using a three-way handshake

Data is divided into packets by the operating system Packets are numbered, and received packets are

acknowledged Connections are explicitly closed

(or may abnormally terminate)

OSI: Open Systems Interconnect

OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

7th

Application Layer

6th

Presentation Layer

5th

Session Layer

4th

Transport Layer

3rd

Network Layer

2nd

Link Layer

1st

Physical Layer

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Link Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface cardNetwork Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. RoutingTransport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hostsApplication Layer : handles the details of the particular application

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite.

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol defined for use with the IP network layer protocol.

The service provided by UDP is an unreliable service that provides no guarantees for delivery and no protection from duplication

UDP provides two services not provided by the IP layer. It provides port numbers to help distinguish different user requests and, optionally, a checksum capability to verify that the data arrived intact.

Destination PortSource Port

Application data

0 16 31

ChecksumLength

Field PurposeSource Port 16-bit port number identifying originating applicationDestination Port 16-bit port number identifying destination applicationLength Length of UDP datagram (UDP header + data)Checksum Checksum of IP pseudo header, UDP header, and data

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World wide web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet).

Methods of transferring data files from one computer to another over a network.

FTP divides files into several segments and assigns a reference number to each one.

FTP also performs automatic error detection and correction in file transfers.

There are hundreds of thousands of FTP files over the internet that can be freely downloaded.

IP as a transport protocol can operate on many different network infrastructures.

It is not bound to a specific technology or topology.

IP addresses and ports form the foundation for these Internet services.

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