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Introduction to HCI

Lecture #2

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Agenda

• Genesis

• What is HCI?– Definition

– Characterization

– Notions• Human

• Computer

• Interaction

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

• Shift of focus from – System-centered computing

• Almost no interaction

• Computer = hardware + machine-level code

to– People-centered computing

• Very high-level interaction

• Computer = hardware + software + algorithm

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

1 9 6 0

V e r y l a r g e g a p b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a c h i n e M a n c o m m u n i c a t e t o m a c h i n e a t t h e m a c h i n e - l e v e l m a c h i n e - l e v e l p r o g r a m m i n g

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

1 9 7 5

L a r g e g a p b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a c h i n e M a n c o m m u n i c a t e t o m a c h i n e a t m n e m o n i c c o d e - l e v e l A s s e m b l y - l e v e l p r o g r a m m i n g M i c r o p r o c e s s o r e r a

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

1 9 8 5

G a p b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a c h i n e M a n c o m m u n i c a t e t o m a c h i n e a t a l g o r i t h m i c - l e v e l H i g h - l e v e l p r o g r a m m i n g S o f t w a r e e r a

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

1 9 9 0

S m a l l - g a p b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a c h i n e M a n a n d m a c h i n e b o t h c o m m u n i c a t e s t o e a c h o t h e r a t

i n t e l l i g e n c e - l e v e l A u t o m a t i c p r o g r a m m i n g ( n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e p r o c e s s i n g ) E m b e e d e d e r a

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Genesis

L o w

H i g h

Inte

ract

ion

I s t g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

5 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

2 n d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

3 r d g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

4 t h g e n e r a t i o nc o m p u t i n g

L a d d e r o f c o m p u t i n g

2 0 0 0 . . . . .

N a r r o w - g a p b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a c h i n e M a c h i n e c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h t h e m a n a t h u m a n - l e v e l C o g n i t i o n , p e r c e p t i o n , p s y c h o l o g y , h u m a n f a c t o r s

b a s e d c o m p u t a t i o n H C I e r a

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Feasibility of HCI

• Moore’s law– David Moore, an Intel researcher, 1967

• Human abilities– Past, present and future human

• Compuman– Towards a reality, Mark Minasi

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Moore’s Law

1 9 5 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 2 0

C o m p u t i n g a b i l i t i e s

S i z e

S p e e d

C o s t

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Human Abilities

1 9 5 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 2 0

C o m p u t i n g a b i l i t i e s

0 A . D .

H u m a n a b i l i t i e s

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Reality: CompumanC P U

M e m o r y

A Ia n d

I Tm a k e s m e g r e a t !

H u m a n p e r c e i v a b l e s i g n a l s

C o m m u n i c a b l e s i g n a l s ( E M W )

S e n s o r

H u m a n s e n s i b l eo u t p u t

M e c a h n i c a l l y m o v a b l ep a r t s u n d e r p r e c i s e

c o n t r o l

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Reality: Compuman

• Processing speed Computer

• Memory Computer

• Human factors Human» mind, mood, emotion, perception, cognition, psychology

etc.

» Breakthrough: Computer can behave very close to Human

» Simon, Minasi etc.

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Towards the Reality….

• So far computing speed is concerned enough has been achieved

• More researches are in pipeline to achieve more

– Quantum computing

– Molecular electronics

– DNA Computer

– etc.

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Towards the Reality….

• Still a new paradigm shift is highly in demand– From today’s human-centered computing

– to tomorrow’s human-centered computing

• How more accurately and efficiently the behavior of human can be simulated in a computer

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Target: HCI

• An emerging discipline in IT

– More usefulness of computer

– User-friendly use

– Low user error rate

– Subjective user satisfaction

– User retention over time• Expected projection by 2010: average computer time per user is 8

hours day

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Focus: HCI

• Human-computer interaction focuses on

– Interaction design

– Interface environment development

• Hardware

• Software

• Methodologies

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HCI: A Multi-Disciplinary Area

• HCI draws attention from several fields

Apart from Computer Science, Electronics, Electrical, IT

– Cognitive and behavioral science

– Human factors

– Some empirical studies

– Interface device development

– Graphical design

and many more…….

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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HCI: A Multi-Disciplinary Area

H C IC o m p u t e r S c i e n c e

A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e

L i n g u i s t i c sP h i l o s o p h y

S o c i o l o g y

A n t h r o p o l o g y

D e s i g n

E n g i n e e r i n g

E r g o n o m i c s a n dH u m a n f a c t o r s

S o c i a l a n do r g a n i z a t i o n a l

p h i l o s o p h y

C o g n i t i v e p s y c h o l o g y

M a n y m o r e

17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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17 January, 2008 Human Copmputer Interaction, Spring 2008, Lecture #2

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Definition of HCI

• HCI is an abbreviation for

Human Computer Interaction

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Context of HCI

Scenario 1A person using an interactive graphics program on a workstation

Scenario 2A browser searching for information in the Net

Scenario 3A committee engaged in a video conference meeting

Note: The context between one or more humans and one or more computational machines

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Notion of Computer in HCI

• So far the notion of machine is concerned:

– Computers in the form of desktop PCs or workstations

– Computers in the form of embedded computational machines, such as parts of spacecraft cockpits or microwave oven

– Computers in the form of network of computers (Internet)

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Notion of Human in HCI

• So far the notion of human is concerned:

– Human is a classical user (having a general knowledge on usage of computer)

• e.g. students, manager

– Human is a specialized user (little or no background of computer)

• e.g. public in street, station, shopping complex, children

and disabled persons

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Notion of Human in HCI

• Notion of human (continued…):

– Human is a group of persons (interfaces in a distributed systems)

• e.g. two or more online users in a network

– Human is an organization (computer aided communication among humans, or the nature of the work being cooperatively performed by means of the system)

• e.g. corporate office

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Notion of Interaction in HCI

• So far notion of interaction is concerned:

– Each interaction has its own context

– Interaction leads to a rich space of possible topics

– In fact, the study of HCI means we wish to identify interaction as more central to its focus

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HCI actually…..

A discipline concerned withDesignImplementationEvaluation

of interactive computing system for human use

D e s i g n

I m p l e m e n t a t i o nE v a l u a t i o n

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Working Definition of HCI

• Definition according to ACM SIGCHI

Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, implementation and evaluation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomenon surrounding them.

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A Precise Characterization of HCI

• Human-computer interaction is concerned with the joint performance by human and machine

• The structure of communication between human and machine

• Human capabilities to use machines (including the ability to learn an interface)

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A Precise Characterization of HCI

• Algorithms and programming of the interface itself

• Engineering concerns that arise in designing and building interfaces

• The process of specification of design and implementation of interface

• Design trade-off

Human-computer interaction thus has Science, Engineering and Design aspects

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HCI: Which Discipline it Belongs?

• HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area

• It is emerging as a specially concern within several disciplines, each with different emphasis

– Computer Science (application design and engineering of human interfaces)

– Psychology (application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior)

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HCI: Which Discipline it Belongs?

– Sociology and anthropology (interaction between technology, work and organization)

– Industrial design (interactive products such as Cell phone, Washing machine, Microwave oven etc.)

• According to ACM SIGCHI, Computer Science is the basic discipline and other discipline serves as supporting discipline

C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e

M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g

R o b o t i c s

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Summary

• Human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication

• HCI draws supporting knowledge on both the machine side and the human side

• On machine side– Techniques in computer graphics, operating systems,

programming languages, algorithms and development environments are relevant

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Summary

• On human side– Communication theory, graphics and industrial

design discipline, linguistic, social sciences, cognitive, psychology and human performance (AI) are relevant

• On interaction side– Engineering and design methods are relevant

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Recommended Links

• My Home pagehttp://www.facweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/~dsamanta(For the presentation slides of the current lecture)

• ACM SIGCHIhttp://sigchi.org/cdg/index.html(For Introduction to HCI, HCI courses etc.)

• Alan Dix’s Books on HCI 3rd Edn.http://www.amazon.com/(Also see the presentation slides Lecture#1 )

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