introduction to medical terminology - amazon s3 · · 2016-07-01medical terminology chapter 1 ......

Introduction to

Medical Terminology

Chapter 1

PowerPoint Lecture Notes to Accompany Medical Terminology Express, Second Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Regina M. Masters

Introduction

Welcome to the PowerPoint® for Medical Terminology Express: A Short-Course Approach by Body System, Second Edition. This presentation consists of a chapter overview with interactive exercises based on chapter content and relevant images for each body system chapter in the text. Content slides contain a navigation bar along the left border to allow for single-click, quick, and slick movement throughout the presentation.

We hope you enjoy this presentation and find it to be a useful addition to the Express suite of learning resources.

— Barbara A. Gylys Regina M. Masters

1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Overview

Medical Terminology

Specialized language used by health care providers.

Four elements are used to build medical words:

– Word root (WR)

– Combining form (CF)

– Suffix

– Prefix

Overview

Medical Terminology (continued)

Three rules of word building.

Defining medical words.

Pronunciation guidelines.

Plural suffixes.

Word Root (WR) Foundation of a medical word that contains its

main meaning. Usually derived from Latin or Greek language. Most medical words contain at least one WR.

– hepat in hepat/itis – tonsill in tonsill/ectomy – gastr in gastr/oma – laryng in laryng/itis

Word Elements

Combining Form (CF) Created when a WR is combined with a vowel,

known as a combining vowel. – Combining vowel usually an o, but sometimes an

i or an e.

Difficulty pronouncing certain combinations of WRs requires insertion of a vowel.

No meaning of its own but enables two or more word elements to be connected.

Word Elements

Combining Form

mamm/o in mamm/o/gram

psych/o in psych/o/logy

laryng/o in laryng/o/spasm

hepat/o in hepat/o/megaly

Word Elements

Suffix

Word element at the end of a word.

Changes the meaning of a medical word.

Contained in most medical words.

Usually an indication of a pathology, condition, symptom, therapeutic or diagnostic procedure, or part of speech.

Word Elements

Suffix -ectomy in append/ectomy

-itis in appendic/itis

-oma in neur/oma

-tomy in crani/o/tomy

-scope in gastr/o/scope

-oma in gastr/oma

Word Elements

Prefix

Word element at the beginning of a word.

Many are the same as those used in the English language.

Changes the meaning of a medical word.

Not contained in all medical words.

Usually an indication of a number, time, position, measurement, direction, or negation.

Word Elements

Prefix hyper- in hyper/tension

hemi- in hemi/plegia

epi- in epi/derm/al

post- in post/nat/al

inter- in inter/cost/al

Define Medical Words

Three steps for defining medical words.

1. Define the suffix first.

2. Define the first part of the word (WR, CF, or prefix).

3. Define the middle part of the word (WR or CF).

Define Medical Words Exercise

1. gastr/itis:

2. oste/o/arthr/itis:

3. poly/neur/itis:

1. gastr/itis: inflammation of the stomach

2. oste/o/arthr/itis: inflammation of the bone and joint

3. poly/neur/itis: inflammation of many nerves

4. append/ectomy:

5. gastr/ectomy:

6. mast/ectomy:

4. append/ectomy: excision of the appendix

5. gastr/ectomy: excision of the stomach (either all or partial)

6. mast/ectomy: excision of a breast

Building Medical Words

Three rules for building medical words. Rule 1: WR links a suffix that begins with a

vowel.

Rule 2: CF (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Rule 3: CF (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. – Rule 3 holds true even if the next root begins with

a vowel, as in gastr/o/intestin/al.

Building Medical Words Exercise

Determine which of the three rules for building medical words applies to the following terms.

1. arthr/itis

2. gastr/o/intestin/al

3. hepat/o/cyte

Building Medical Words Exercise

1. arthr/itis Rule 1: A root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.

2. gastr/o/intestin/al Rule 3: A CF links a root to another root to form a compound word; a root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.

3. hepat/o/cyte Rule 2: A CF links a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Pronunciation Guidelines

Pronunciation guidelines are located in the back of the textbook.

Pronunciation Help table is located at the end of the Word Elements and Pharmacology tables in each body system chapter.

Diacritical marks and capitalization are used to aid pronunciation of terms throughout the text and to help you understand pronunciation marks used in most dictionaries.

Surgical Suffixes

Suffixes associated with surgical procedures.

append/ectomy

arthr/o/centesis

lith/o/tripsy

rhin/o/plasty

oste/o/tome

Surgical Suffixes

Suffixes associated with surgical procedures.

arthr/o/desis

thromb/o/lysis

mast/o/pexy

trache/o/stomy

trache/o/tomy

1. excision, removal:

2. surgical puncture:

3. crushing:

4. separation; destruction; loosening:

Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise

1. excision, removal: -ectomy

2. surgical puncture: -centesis

3. crushing: -tripsy

4. separation; destruction; loosening: -lysis

5. incision:

6. fixation (of an organ):

7. suture:

8. surgical repair:

5. incision: -tomy

6. fixation (of an organ): -pexy

7. suture: -rrhaphy

8. surgical repair: -plasty

9. forming an opening (mouth):

10. binding, fixation (of a bone or joint):

11. instrument to cut:

9. forming an opening (mouth): -stomy

10. binding, fixation (of a bone or joint): -desis

11. instrument to cut: -tome

Diagnostic Suffixes

Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures.

electr/o/cardio/gram (ECG, EKG)

gastr/o/scopy

esophag/o/scope

Diagnostic Suffixes

Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures. pelv/i/meter*

cardi/o/graph

angi/o/graphy

pelv/i/metry

* The i in pelv/i/meter is an exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o.

Define Diagnostic Suffixes Exercise

1. instrument for examining:

2. visual examination:

3. instrument for recording:

4. process of recording:

1. instrument for examining: -scope

2. visual examination: -scopy

3. instrument for recording: -graph

4. process of recording: -graphy

5. instrument for measuring:

6. act of measuring:

7. record, writing:

5. instrument for measuring: -meter

6. act of measuring: -metry

7. record, writing: -gram

Pathological Suffixes

Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease.

neur/algia

gastr/itis

hem/o/rrhage

cardi/o/megaly

Pathological Suffixes

Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease.

hepat/o/cele

lymph/edema

myo/pathy

dia/rrhea

neur/oma

Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise

1. pain:

2. formation, growth:

3. forming, producing, origin:

4. bursting forth (of):

1. pain: -algia, -dynia

2. formation, growth: -plasia, -plasm

3. forming, producing, origin: -gen, -genesis

4. bursting forth (of): -rrhage, -rrhagia

5. swelling:

6. hernia, swelling:

7. stone, calculus:

8. abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells):

5. swelling: -edema

6. hernia, swelling: -cele

7. stone, calculus: -lith

8. abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells): -osis

9. involuntary contraction, twitching:

10. narrowing, stricture:

11. discharge, flow:

12. disease:

9. involuntary contraction, twitching: -spasm

10. narrowing, stricture: -stenosis

11. discharge, flow: -rrhea

12. disease: -pathy

13. inflammation:

14. tumor:

15. rupture:

16. paralysis:

13. inflammation: -itis

14. tumor: -oma

15. rupture: -rrhexis

16. paralysis: -plegia

17. dilation, expansion:

18. vomiting:

19. blood condition:

20. abnormal condition (produced by something specified):

17. dilation, expansion: -ectasis

18. vomiting: -emesis

19. blood condition: -emia

20. abnormal condition (produced by something specified): -iasis

Grammatical Suffixes

Suffixes attached to word roots to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns.

gastr/ic (adjective)

neur/al (adjective)

obstetr/ician (noun)

pneumon/ia (noun)

Define Adjectives and Nouns Exercise

1. Adjective suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ile, and -ous mean:

2. Noun suffixes -esis, -ia, and -ism mean:

3. Noun suffixes -ician and -ist mean:

4. Noun suffix -iatry means:

Define Adjectives and Nouns Exercise

1. Adjective suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ile, and -ous mean: pertaining to

2. Noun suffixes -esis, -ia, and -ism mean: condition

3. Noun suffixes -ician and -ist mean: specialist

4. Noun suffix -iatry means: medicine; treatment

Singular Words to Plural Forms

Suffix changes when a word is modified from a singular to a plural form.

diagnosis to diagnoses

bronchus to bronchi

deformity to deformities

pleura to pleurae

1. thrombus:

2. ovum:

3. fungus:

4. diagnosis:

Change Singular Terms to Plural Forms Exercise

1. thrombus: thrombi

2. ovum: ova

3. fungus: fungi

4. diagnosis: diagnoses

Common Prefixes

Word element placed at the beginning of a word.

Changes the meaning of the word.

Not contained in all medical terms.

Most prefixes same as in the English language.

Define Common Prefixes Exercise

1. dipl-, diplo-:

2. macro-:

3. homo-, homeo-:

4. mono-, uni-:

1. dipl-, diplo-: double

2. macro-: large

3. homo-, homeo-: same

4. mono-, uni-: one

5. micro:

6. circum-, peri-:

7. a-, an-:

8. super-:

5. micro: small

6. circum-, peri-: around

7. a-, an-: without, not

8. super-: upper, above

9. post:

10. pre-, pro-:

11. primi-:

12. dia-, trans-:

9. post: after, behind

10. pre-, pro-: before, in front

11. primi-: first

12. dia-, trans-: through, across

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introduction to medical terminology - amazon s3 · · 2016-07-01medical terminology chapter 1 ......

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