introduction to neoplasia
Post on 02-Dec-2021
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INTRODUCTION TO
NEOPLASIA
Nomenclature of various
growth processes (“Plasias”)
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia
• Neoplasia
• Desmoplasia
Metaplasia
an adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue
under stress a more vulnerable type of tissue will be replaced by another more capable of withstanding stress
Dysplasia
An abnormality in cell size,
appearance, with or without a
disorganized growth pattern
Neoplasia
A disease of cells characterized by alteration of normal
growth regulatory mechanisms
Desmoplasia
The formation and proliferation of connective tissue in response to neoplastic growth
Neoplastic progression
• Benign or malignant neoplasms can acquire increasingly aggressive features
• Most malignant neoplasms arise de novo
• Some malignant neoplasms are thought to be preceded by preneoplastic conditions
Definitions
Neoplasm - (new growth) abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues
Tumor - a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling. Often syn. for neoplasm
Cancer - any malignant neoplasm or tumor
Metastasis - discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites
Cancer (L. Crab)
• Any malignant growth of cells (clonal)
• Second most common cause of death in
US
• One in 3 Americans will die of cancer
Gross features Microscopic features
Classification - Approach
Terminology which is used to describe a
mass is based on the clinical, gross and
microscopic features-which in
combination are a reflection of the
predicted/expected biologic behavior
Benign Malignant ?
Classification Criteria
• Growth Characteristics
• Rate of Proliferation and Cell Death
• Differentiation
• Metastasis
Classification Criteria and
Associated Biologic Behavior
Characteristics Benign Malignant
Growth pattern expansive infiltrative
rate of slow fast
growth
differentiation nl, good atypical, poor
metastasis absent typical
Growth pattern
Benign Malignant
Rate of Growth
Rapid
Classification - Differentiation
• According to biologic behavior and
histogenesis or cellular features
– Benign
• Adenoma - benign epithelial neoplasm
• Lipoma -benign mesenchymal neoplasm
– Malignant
• CARCINOMA - malignant epithelial neoplasm
• SARCOMA - malignant mesenchymal neoplasm
• LYMPHOMA/LEUKEMIA - malignant neoplasm of
lymphoid cells
Classification According to
behavior
Fibroadenoma Adenocarcinoma
Classification According to
Cellular Features Squamous-
Eosinophillic (pink)
abundant cytoplasm
Keratin, keratin pearl
Hyperchromatic
(dark) nucleus
Lack of differentiation
Intercellular clear spaces
Normal epithelium
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lung Cancer
x-ray Squamous carcinoma
Classification According to
Cellular Features Adenocarcinoma Normal
Gland-like spaces
Mucin production,
secretory activity
Colon Cancer
X-ray Gross Microscopic
Classification According to
Cellular Features
Lymphoma
Classification According to
Cellular Features
Recapitulation of normal features
Differentiation along mesenchymal pathways
Osteogenic sarcoma
Invasion and Metastasis
• Characteristics that are unique to
malignant neoplasms (cancer)
• The major cause of morbidity and
mortality
Invasion
• Associated with activated motility
and local tissue independence in
vitro
• Balance between tissue destruction
and synthesis
• Cell surface and extracellular matrix
play important roles
Metastasis
• Require acquisition of additional
tumor characteristics beyond those
necessary for invasion
• Multiple lesions
• Organ specificity
Metastasis
Mechanisms of Spread:
•Hematogenous
•Lymphatics
Other mechanisms of
spread
• Direct extension
• Seeding
• Surgical or procedural
transplantation (iatrogenic)
Prognosis
• Prediction of Outcome
– Criteria are different for each cancer type
– Grade, stage, histology routine criteria
– Patient characteristics are important
– Treatment considerations critical
Prognostic Factors
• Grade
• Stage
• Tumor type
• Biomarkers (slide based and
molecular techniques)
Cancer Grade
• Alternate term “tumor grade”
• Based on microscopic features
(cytology or histology)
low grade moderate high
Cancer Stage • Reflects degree of spread, for an
individual cancer patient
• Assigned at the time of diagnosis, may be
updated as patient progresses T Tumor characteristics
N Nodal involvement
M Metastasis
Morbidity and Mortality • Metastases
• Rupture into major vessels, structure
• Starvation
• Infection
• Compression of vital organs
• Organ failure
Summary
• Cancer is synonymous with malignant
neoplasia
• Precursor/precancerous lesions exist
• Invasion and metastasis are the hallmark
of malignancy
• Cancer typing and subtyping is pre-
requisite for patient treatment
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