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Eukaryotes and viruses:
Introduction to Protists
C. Beardsley, ICBM
11.01.2011
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
Leeuwenhoek and the „Little Animals“ by R. Thom, 1966, Museum of Art, University of Michigan
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
Microbes were first observed using a simple microscope and reported as “animalcules” to the Royal Society of London.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673) Animalcula
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1676) Animalcula
sampled habitats: water droplets, soil, sand grains,mucus, teeth scrapings,animal feces, plant seeds, parts of insects, pepper- & hay infusions …
movements, sizes, abundances
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
Martin Frobenius Ledermüller (1760/63) Infusoria (Aufgusstierchen, dessication resistant)
Lorenz Oken (1805) Urthiere (unicellular)Georg August Goldfuss (1818) Protozoa
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
John Hogg (1861) Protoctista (unicellular kingdom)
Ernst Haeckel (1866) Protista
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
History
Wikipedia.org
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images
Definition
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Mostly, but not exclusively, unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
What are classification schemes based on?
Classification by Morphology & Physiology
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Cell membrane: naked, carbonate, silicate, cellulose, chitin, proteins...
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Note: term classification is neutral and only means grouping by categories!
Classification by Morphology & Physiology
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Movement: Pseudopodia, Flagella, Cilia, Sessile
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Classification by Morphology & Physiology
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Developmental stages: sexual and/or asexual reproduction
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Classification by Morphology & Physiology
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic
� heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic
� phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Classification by Morphology & Physiology
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic or mixotrophic
� heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic
� phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Concept: These similarities (or lack thereof) were inherited and “modified” by random mutation & natural selectio n - thus reflect phylogeny.
But within the heterogeneous group of protists no consistent classification arises from putting these phenotypical trades into some kind of serial order!
Summary: Classification schemes, and thus taxonomic definitions, were based on morphological and physiological similarities among organisms.
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Classification by Phylogeny:
Tree of Life Based on SSU-rRNA Sequence Similarity
http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images
DinoflagellatesCiliates
Chrysophytes
Diatoms
Bicosoecids
Prymnesiophytes(Haptophytes)
FungiChoanoflagellates
Chlorophytes
Cryptomonads
Euglenoids
Kinetoplastids
Groups with Heterotrophic NanoflagellatesSherr & Sherr 2000
Phylogeny of Free-Living Aquatic Protists Based on 18S rRNA Sequence Similarity
length of branches depicts phylogenetic relationship
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Classification by Phylogeny:
Paraphysomonas foraminiferaParaphysomonas sp.
Paraphysomonas foraminiferaParaphysomonas imperforataParaphysomonas imperforata
Metanophrys similisParaphysomonas bandaiensis
Paraphysomonas butcheriTessellaria volvocina
Mallomonas akrokomosMallomonas annulata
Mallomonas adamasMallomonas splendensMallomonas striataMallomonas striataMallomonas papillosaMallomonas rasilis
Mallomonas caudataMallomonas matvienkoae
Synura mammillosaSynura spinosa
Synura sphagnicolaSynura uvella
Synura glabraSynura petersenii
uncultured eukaryote, AY046836uncultured eukaryote, AY046860uncultured eukaryote, AY046844uncultured eukaryote, AY046852uncultured eukaryote, AY046864
Heterosigma akashiwoHeterosigma akashiwo
Heterosigma carteraeChattonella subsalsa
Vacuolaria virescensPteridomonas danicaApedinella radians
Pseudopedinella elasticaCiliophrys infusionum
Rhizochromulina cf. marinaeukaryote clone OLI11025
Dictyocha speculumHyphochytrium catenoides
Developayella elegansOomycete
0.1
heterotrophic
autotrophic
autotrophic
heterotrophic
Phylogeny Does Not Reflect Trophic Life Style
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Chrysophytes
Beardsley, unpub.
Evolution
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
From lecture of H. Arndt, Köln
Chrom
alveolata
Opisthokonta
Amoebozoa
Mycobionta (Fungi)
Choanoflagellates
Animals (Metazoa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
��� ���� �
Rhodophyta
Glaucophyta
Viridiplantae
Plantae
(= Archaeplastida)
?
��� �
Cryptophyta
Haptophyta
?
StramenopilesAlveolata
Radiolaria
Foraminifera
Cercozoa
Rhizaria
Excavata
��� ���� �
Discicristae
PreaxostylaFornicata
Parabasalida
Malawimonadozoa
Euglenozoa
Heterolobosea
Jacobozoa
��� �
root ?
root ?
Nucleariidae
IchthyosporeaFilasterea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses:
Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by A
dl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, R
odriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Parabasalida: Trichomonads:
Trichomonas vaginalis
dizoic: 2 nucleii, 2 cytostomes, 8 flagella, mitosomes
Nucleii
Fornicata: Diplomonads:
Giardia lamblia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
- often described as deep branching group, probably not true anymore
- anaerobic without mitochondria (secondary lost)
- Trichomonas is frequent in human vaginal flora (3 - 60 % of women), usually not pathogenic
- Giardia: causes diarrhea; builds cysts as resting stages
hydrogenosomes
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Malawimonadozoa:
Malawimonas jacobiformis
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
- free-swimming heterotrophic flagellates
- both groups completely unknown before 1990, but of significant interest because of their key position regarding the evolution and phylogeny of Excavata
Patterson et al. 2001
Jacobozoa:
Jacoba sp.
- approx. 5 um in size
- only 1 genus, freshwater & soil
- approx. 10 um in size
- 4 genera, also marine
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Heterolobosae (Myxobionta)
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
• Do not confuse with Myxobakteria !
• Myxomycota: True Slime Molds (Plasmodium, acellular)
• Acrasiomycota: Cellular Slime Molds (Pseudoplasmodium)Dictyostelium
aggregation of cells = pseudoplasmodium� production of fruiting boddies
Physarum sp.
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Euglenozoa: Euglenids
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Euglena
Throphic life style: most heterotrophic, but also phototrophic or mixotrophic
Chlorophyll a fluoresces under UV-light
Euglenids grazing on bacteria
Images: www.mikrobiologischer-garten.de
Euglena
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Throphic life style :
Free living heterotrophic
Bodo, Rhynchomonas
Lee & Patterson 2000
parasitic
cause sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastida
important bacteriovores
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Cryptophyta
Chilomonas
Rhodomonas
www.glerl.noaa.gov
saprophytic
phototrophic
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
• 2 flagella
• some organelles not free in cytoplasm but surrounded by an additional double membrane
• protein plates
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Stramenopiles (Heterokontobionta):
2 flagella (1 short and 1 long & hairy)
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Heterokonts:- Diatoms (Bacillariophyceen)
- Chrysophyceae / Chrysomonads (Gold algae)
- Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
Oomyceta: - Cellulose molds
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Diatoms
• 250 genera, ca. 100 000 species
• phototrophic (1 exception)
• chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & fucoxanthin
• no flagella
• single cells or colony forming
• asexual reproduction usual, but sexual reproduction & formation of auxospores possible
REM of a diatom cell wall (Foto Renate Kort, Erhard Rhiel).
• silica containing cell walls: silcate frustules consisting of 2 halves: epi- & hypotheca
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Diatoms
Navicula sp.
Pennate (Bacillariales) and central (Biddulphiales) forms
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Diatoms
Chaetoceros curvisetusCoscinodiscus wailesii
Asterionellopsis glacialis
Nitzschia sp.
• phototrophic and/or heterotrophic: mixotrophic
• HNF: important bacterivores
Dunaliella sp.
Synura sp.
HNF
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Chrysomonads
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Laminaria (kelp): by definition a protist ?
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Phaeophyceae
• mostly free living in water; some live in soils or as parasites
• heterokont biflagellated spores depend on water
• cellulose molds: cell walls consist of Cellulose and Glucane
•(ß-(1-3) and ß-(1-6) glycosidic bonds
• potatoe disease in Ireland (1845-49)
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Stramenopiles: Oomycetes
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Alveolata:
•membranous sacs, called “alveoli”, positioned beneath the plasma membrane
•distinct micropores through the cell surface that function in pinocytosis
•tubular mitochondrial cristae
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
- Dinoflagellates
- Ciliates
- Apicomplexa
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Alveolata: Dinoflagellates
Major contributors to global marine photosynthesis!
- cellulose-plates
- 2 flagella: operate in a transverse constriction (girdle) & a longitudinal groove (= dinocont flagellation)
� screw-like swimming movement
Red tide
M. Godfrey
Throphic life style: phototrophic and/or heterotrophic: mixotrophic
Ceratium sp.
Alveolata: Ciliates
Cypionka, Grundlagen der Mikrobiologie
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
„mouth“
•mostly heterotrophic filter- or interception feeders, but also photo- and mixotrophic species
•complex cell structures
Vorticella sp.
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Alveolata: Ciliates
•Rows of cilia originating from the kinetosomal bases
•Nucleii dimorphism
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Vorticella: filter feeder
www.mikrobiologischer-garten.de
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Alveolata: Ciliates
Obligate anaerobic ciliates:
Important in the rumen of cattle or the intestine of termites !
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Alveolata: Ciliates
Plasmodium: causes malaria
•obligate parasitic
•alternation of generation and of host
•>>100 Mio. people per year
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Alveolata: Apicomplexa
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Actinopoda: Radiolaria
Eukaryotes and viruses: Protists
- radiating axopodia, stiffened by microtubular bundles
� for locomotion & food capture
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Eukaryotes and viruses: Protists
Foraminifera - calcified shells- single- or multichambered- protoplasm in chamber
- > 4000 recent species
- > 30000 ancient species
- chalk skeletons of ancient foraminifera used as indicators for marine palaeo-temperatures
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Viridiplantae: Chlorophyta
Chlorella
Volvox: •colonies of up to 20000 cells, connected via plasma bridges•� functional differentiation
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
• 2, 4 or no flagella
• Autotrophic
• related to plants
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Amoebozoae:
Eukaryotes and viruses: Protists
- pseudopodia: movement by alternating new formation and retraction
- with shells (tests) or without (naked)- uni- or multinuclei- size: few micrometer up to 5 mm (Chaos carolinense)
Fotos: H. Cypionka
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Mycobionta: Yeast
By definition a protist ?� belongs to the fungi (Ascomycete) !
Saccharomyces sp.
Chromalveolata
Opisthokonta
Am
oebo
zoa
Myc
obio
nta
(Fun
gi)
Cho
anof
lage
llate
s
Ani
mal
s (M
etaz
oa)
Holozoa
Unikonta
���� ����
Rho
doph
yta
Gla
ucop
hyta
Viri
dipl
anta
e
Plantae(= Archaeplastida)
?
����
Cry
ptop
hyta
Hap
toph
yta
?
Str
amen
opile
sA
lveo
lata
Rad
iola
ria
For
amin
ifera
Cer
cozo
a
Rhizaria
Excavata
���� ����
DiscicristaeP
reax
osty
laF
orni
cata
Par
abas
alid
a
Mal
awim
onad
ozoa
Eug
leno
zoa
Het
erol
obos
ea
Jaco
bozo
a
����
root ?
root ?
Nuc
lear
iidae
Icht
hyos
pore
aF
ilast
erea
Hacrobia
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007
MonosigmaAcanthocorbis
Foto: van den Hoff
Solitary choanoflagellate
Colonial choanoflagellate
Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists
Choanoflagellates
• bacteriovores
• unique: collar (microvilli)
• 1 flagellum
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