introduction to psychology ch 9

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Chapter 9Motivation and Emotion

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Motivation

y Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, and direct or 

terminate actions

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

A Model of Motivational Activities

� Model of how motivated activities work

� Need: Internal deficiency; causes

� Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger,

thirst); activates a«� Response: Action or series of actions designed toattain a«

� Goal: Target of motivated behavior 

� Incentive Value: Goal¶s appeal beyond its ability to fill a

need

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Types of Motives

� Primar y Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on

biological needs we must meet to survive

� Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and

information� Secondar y Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and

goals

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Hunger: Big Mac Attack?

� Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance

� Influences on hunger 

� Obesity

± Internal� Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that

terminates eating

� Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual

behavior ± External

� External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.3

FIGURE 9.3 Location of the hypothalamus in the human brain.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Behavioral Dieting

� Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating

habits and not on temporar y self-starvation

� Some keys

± Start with a complete physical± Exercise

± Be committed to weight loss

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)

� Observe yourself, keep an eating diar y, and keep a chart

of daily progress.

� Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that

tell you to always clean your plate.� Avoid snacks.

� Reward yourself if you change eating habits and punish

yourself if you do not.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa

� Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that

seems to have psychological origins

± Control issues seem to be involved

± Ver y difficult to effectively treat± Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.6

FIGURE 9.6 Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to rate their body shape on a

scale similar to the one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal

figure is much thinner than what they thought their current weights were. (Most women say they 

want to be thinner than they currently are, but to a lesser degree than women with eating

problems.) Notice that women with eating problems chose an ideal weight that was even thinner 

than what they thought men prefer. This is not typical of most women. Only women with eatingproblems wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa

(Binge-Purge Syndrome)� Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced

vomiting and/or taking laxatives

± Difficult to treat

± Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa± Affects females overwhelmingly

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and

Bulimia Nervosa� Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of 

becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is

true!

� Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorecticswith perfect control.

� Anorectics will often be put on a ³weight-gain´ diet to

restore weight.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Thirst and Pain

� Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids

surrounding the cells of the body

� Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells

because of increased concentration of salts and mineralsoutside the cell

± Best satisfied by drinking water 

� Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive

± Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur 

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Stimulus Drives - Arousal

� Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation,

and sensor y input

� Sensation Seeking/ Inverted U: Trait of people who

prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on³Eco-Challenge´ and ³Fear Factor´)

� Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for 

arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal

provide for the best performance

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.11

FIGURE 9.11 (a) The general relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described by 

an inverted U curve. The optimal level of arousal or motivation is higher for a simple task (b) than

for a complex task (c).

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Learned Motives

� Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular 

society or culture

� Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some

internal standard of excellence� Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over 

others

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Abraham Maslow and Needs

� Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow¶s ordering of needsbased on presumed strength or potency; some needsare more powerful than others and thus will influenceyour behavior to a greater degree

� Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow¶shierarchy 

± Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs

� Growth Needs:H

igher-level needs associated with self-actualization

� Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for self-actualization

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.14

FIGURE 9.14 Maslow believed that lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must

be satisfied before growth motives are fully expressed. Desires for selfactualization are reflected

in various metaneeds (see text).

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Types of Motivation

� Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not

from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of 

a task

� Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards,obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Emotions

� State characterized by physiological arousal andchanges in facial expressions, gestures, posture,and subjective feelings

� Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, bloodpressure, perspiration, and other involuntar y bodily responses

� Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a

person is feeling� Emotional Feelings: Private emotional

experience

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Plutchik¶s First Four Primar y Emotions

� Most basic emotions are:

± Fear 

± Surprise

± Sadness± Disgust

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Plutchik¶s Last Four Primar y Emotions (cont'd)

± Anger 

± Anticipation

± Joy

± Acceptance

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.15

FIGURE 9.15 Primar y and mixed emotions. In Robert Plutchik¶s model, there are eight primar y 

emotions, as listed in the inner areas. Adjacent emotions may combine to give the emotions

listed around the perimeter. Mixtures involving more widely separated emotions are also

possible. For example, fear plus anticipation produces anxiety.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Brain and Emotion

� Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system thatconnects brain with internal organs and glands

� Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action

� Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy

± Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to intenseemotion

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Lie Detectors

� Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, bloodpressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); li e detector 

� GSR: Measures sweating

� Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in apolygraph test

� Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someoneguilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional

� Control Questions: Questions that almost alwaysprovoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. ³Have you ever taken any office supplies?´)

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Body Language (Kinesics)

� Study of communication through body movement,

posture, gestures, and facial expressions

� Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Three Types of Facial Expressions

� Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a

person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure

� Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a

person or object� Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

Theories of Emotion

� James-Lange Theor y: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.

� Cannon-Bard Theor y: The thalamus (in brain) causesemotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the

same time.� Schachter¶s Cognitive Theor y: Emotions occur when a

label is applied to general physical arousal.

� Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes toevents; attributing arousal to a certain source.

� Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facialexpressions and help define what emotion someonefeels.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.21

FIGURE 9.21 Theories of emotion.

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9

A Modern View of Emotion

� Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a

stimulus

� Emotional Intelligence: Combination of skills, including

empathy, self-control, self-awareness, sensitivity tofeelings of others, persistence, and self-motivation

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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9Figure 9.23

FIGURE 9.23 A contemporar y model of emotion.