introduction to radiography terms and definitions
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Introduction to Introduction to Radiography Radiography
Terms and DefinitionsTerms and Definitions
Unit IIIUnit III 22
Anatomic Anatomic positionposition– Erect, face Erect, face forward, feet forward, feet together, arms together, arms at sides with at sides with palms forwardpalms forward
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
Unit IIIUnit III 33
Plane - Plane - Flat surface Flat surface passed through passed through the body or a the body or a portion of the bodyportion of the body
Longitudinal Longitudinal planesplanes– CoronalCoronal– SagittalSagittal
Horizontal planeHorizontal plane– Transverse Transverse
coro
nal
coro
nal
mid
-sag
itta
lm
id-s
agit
tal
transversetransverse
Anatomic TerminologyAnatomic Terminology
Unit IIIUnit III 44
Directional TermsDirectional Terms anterior posterior lateral
an
teri
or
po
ste
rio
r
cephaladcephalicsuperiorcranial
inferiorcaudalcaudad
medial
lateral proximal
distal
Unit IIIUnit III 55
Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement Terms
ABDUCT vs. ADDUCTABDUCT vs. ADDUCT
Unit IIIUnit III 66
Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement Terms FLEXION vs. EXTENSIONFLEXION vs. EXTENSION
flexion
extension
hyperextend
flexion
dorsiflexion
plantarflexion
neutral
extend
Unit IIIUnit III 77
Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsINVERSION vs. EVERSIONINVERSION vs. EVERSION
turn inward or medially turn outward or laterally
Unit IIIUnit III 88
Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsPRONATION vs. SUPINATIONPRONATION vs. SUPINATION
place onback
place onfront
Unit IIIUnit III 99
Joint Movement TermsJoint Movement TermsROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTIONROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION
pivot
circle
Unit IIIUnit III 1010
Body Position TermsBody Position TermsDescribe the overall Describe the overall placement of the bodyplacement of the body– Erect Erect "upright""upright"
Position when the Position when the sagittal and coronal sagittal and coronal planes of the body are planes of the body are perpendicular to the perpendicular to the horizonhorizon
– Recumbent Recumbent "lying "lying down"down" Position when the Position when the
transverse plane of the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to body is perpendicular to the horizonthe horizon
Unit IIIUnit III 1111
Body Position TermsBody Position Termsdecubitus vs. recumbentdecubitus vs. recumbent
– general meanings are the general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"same "LYING DOWN"
– but in radiography, but in radiography, decubitus has a special decubitus has a special meaningmeaning
– DECUBITUSDECUBITUS patient is lying down & patient is lying down &
the x-ray beam is the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizonparallel to the horizon
Unit IIIUnit III 1212
Erect PositionsErect Positions Surface of body closest Surface of body closest
to the film used to give to the film used to give a more specific a more specific descriptiondescription
Examples:Examples:– Posterior erect -- patient Posterior erect -- patient
is standing with the is standing with the posterior surface of the posterior surface of the body next to the body next to the cassettecassette
– Left lateral erect -- Left lateral erect -- patient is standing with patient is standing with the left side of the body the left side of the body next to the cassettenext to the cassette
Left lateral erect position
Unit IIIUnit III 1313
Recumbent PositionsRecumbent Positions Supine Supine
(posterior recumbent (posterior recumbent position)position)
– Lying down on the backLying down on the back
ProneProne
(anterior recumbent (anterior recumbent position)position)
– Lying face downLying face down
xx lateral recumbentxx lateral recumbent– lying down on the xx sidelying down on the xx side
Unit IIIUnit III 1414
Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)Oblique (Erect or Recumbent) Position when the body is Position when the body is
rotated so that the MS rotated so that the MS plane is neither plane is neither nornor to to the film but at an anglethe film but at an angle
Exact position is indicated Exact position is indicated by the surface closest to by the surface closest to the film and the angle of the film and the angle of rotationrotation
May be erect or recumbentMay be erect or recumbent abbreviations:abbreviations:
– RPO, LPO, RAO, LAORPO, LPO, RAO, LAO
45 RPO
Unit IIIUnit III 1515
Decubitus PositionsDecubitus Positions Ventral decubitusVentral decubitus
– patient is prone & a horizontal patient is prone & a horizontal beam is usedbeam is used
Dorsal decubitusDorsal decubitus– patient is supine & a horizontal patient is supine & a horizontal
beam is usedbeam is used
Left lateral decubitusLeft lateral decubitus– patient lying on the left lateral patient lying on the left lateral
side & a horizontal beam is side & a horizontal beam is usedused
Unit IIIUnit III 1616
PROJECTIONPROJECTION
Refers to the path the Refers to the path the beam takes through partbeam takes through partAnteroposterior projection Anteroposterior projection
(AP)(AP) Beam enters the front surface Beam enters the front surface
and exits the back surface of and exits the back surface of the partthe part
Posteroanterior projection Posteroanterior projection (PA)(PA) Beam enters the back and Beam enters the back and
exits the front of the partexits the front of the part
AP projection in supine position
PA projection in prone position
Unit IIIUnit III 1717
Lateral ProjectionsLateral Projections Normally the Normally the
positioning positioning terminology is used terminology is used rather than projectionrather than projection– torso and headtorso and head
Right to left lateral projectionRight to left lateral projection Left to right lateral projectionLeft to right lateral projection
– extremitiesextremities Mediolateral projectionMediolateral projection Lateromedial projectionLateromedial projection
L lateral erect positionR to L lateral projection
Unit IIIUnit III 1818
Oblique ProjectionsOblique Projections
Normally the Normally the positioning positioning terminology is usedterminology is used– exampleexample
RPO position = right RPO position = right anterior to right anterior to right posterior projection posterior projection (oblique AP)(oblique AP)
Unit IIIUnit III 1919
Radiographpy vs Nuclear Radiographpy vs Nuclear MedicineMedicine
Radiography – source of radiation is external. Gamma rays pass through body and form radiograph
Nuclear Medicine – source of radiation is radiopharmaceutical taken internally. X-rays pass out of body and form scan image.
Unit IIIUnit III 2020
IonizationIonization Ability of x-rays to Ability of x-rays to
change substances change substances thru which they thru which they passpass
Used to make Used to make radiographs and radiographs and treat cancertreat cancer
May cause cell May cause cell damage and even damage and even deathdeath
Unit IIIUnit III 2121
Nuclear ScanNuclear Scan
Can give picture Can give picture of both structure of both structure and functionand function
Use Use radiopharma-radiopharma-ceutical to ceutical to produce imageproduce image
Unit IIIUnit III 2222
Common ScansCommon Scans
Bone – fractures, tumors, Bone – fractures, tumors, inflammation, bone growthinflammation, bone growth
Brain – tumors, blood flowBrain – tumors, blood flowLiver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors, Liver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors,
cysts, abscessescysts, abscessesLung – blood clots, tumorsLung – blood clots, tumorsThyroid – function, tumorsThyroid – function, tumors
Unit IIIUnit III 2323
RadioimmunoassayRadioimmunoassay
Mix blood with Mix blood with radioactive radioactive substance to substance to determine specific determine specific blood protein blood protein concentrationsconcentrations
Find antibodies and Find antibodies and antigens (titers)antigens (titers)
Unit IIIUnit III 2424
Radiation TherapyRadiation TherapyTreatment of CA Treatment of CA
with external with external radiationradiation
Stereotactic – Stereotactic – focusing multiple focusing multiple beams at the beams at the same spotsame spot
Unit IIIUnit III 2525
Teletherapy vs BradytherapyTeletherapy vs Bradytherapy
Bradytherapy – radiation source is internal
Teletherapy – radiation source is external
Unit IIIUnit III 2626
TomographyTomographyImaging Imaging
method that method that produces produces tomes (cross tomes (cross sections) of sections) of body along any body along any planeplane
Unit IIIUnit III 2727
CAT vs PETCAT vs PETCAT – 2D tomes are CAT – 2D tomes are
reconstructed to show 3D reconstructed to show 3D images of structureimages of structure
PET – radiopharmecuticals are PET – radiopharmecuticals are used to give 2D and 3D used to give 2D and 3D images of functionimages of function
Unit IIIUnit III 2828
Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
Media – radio Media – radio waves and a strong waves and a strong magnetic fieldmagnetic field
Gives good image Gives good image of soft tissuesof soft tissues
Cannot use if metal Cannot use if metal is implanted in is implanted in bodybody
Unit IIIUnit III 2929
SonogramSonogramMedia – sound Media – sound
waveswavesGives image of Gives image of
deep structuresdeep structuresOnly imaging Only imaging
procedure safe procedure safe for fetusfor fetus
Unit IIIUnit III 3030
ThermogramThermogram
Media – infrared Media – infrared camera captures camera captures surface body heatsurface body heat
Newer forms relate Newer forms relate metabolic activity metabolic activity (function) to heat (function) to heat give offgive off
Unit IIIUnit III 3131
Contract MediumContract Medium
Radio-opaque substance used to make Radio-opaque substance used to make hard-to-see structure show up on imagehard-to-see structure show up on image
Used in CAT scans and fluoroscopyUsed in CAT scans and fluoroscopy
Unit IIIUnit III 3232
Radio-opaque vs RadiolucentRadio-opaque vs Radiolucent
Radio-opaque -Block x-raysShows up as light color
Radiolucent –Passes x-rays thru’Shows up as dark color
Unit IIIUnit III 3333
FluoroscopyFluoroscopy
Visualization of moving structures
Used with radio-opaque substances
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