introprog_cap4_2
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introprogcap42 1/28
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
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`v.Nogags @+erj+`vgs
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
.G*%rjgr%
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
V*g % G*%rjì:% % G*%rjgr% , $gg /g` re/er`fg à )gssveo re)resem+jr vr`gs +`)gs fe
g)erjì:es
1 !)erjì:es Jr`+à+`ajs1 !)erjì:es &6*`ajs g)erjfgres o6*`ags e reoja`gmj`s9
1 !)erjì:es fe J+r`nu`ìág
, Jg agm+rr`g fjs g)erjì:es fe j+r`nu`ìág< mjs g)erjì:es
o6*`ajs e mjs g)erjì:es jr`+à+`ajs e4`s+e vjr`jfgsg)erjfgres< ajfj u ag seu )rg)6s`+g.
, Joà f`ssg ajfj g)erjìág )gfe ser agms+`+ufj )gr f`versjsg)erjì:es s`)oes.
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
G*%rjgr% Jrtct1g , %js g)erjì:es jr`+à+`ajs e4`s+e g)erjfgres ag
f`/erem+es mve`s fe )r`gr`fjfe< semfg gs g)erjfgres fe
j`gr )r`gr`fjfe e4eau+jfgs )r`e`rg. , !)erjfgres Cemgs Xr`gr`+r`gs
1 Jf`ìág 0
1 ;un+rjaìág -
, !)erjfgres Cj`s Xr`gr`+r`gs1 Cuo+`)o`ajìág 2
1 ?`v`ság 3
1 ^es+g fj f`v`ság C6fuog9 =
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
G*%rjgr% O6l1g % ^%&j1gmj , !)erjfgres fe Cj`gr Xr`gr`fjfe
1 %e*jìág %!V gu 7
, !)erjfgres ^eoja`gmj`s )r`gr`fjfe `m+eràf`j9
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, !)erjfgres fe Cemgr Xr`gr`fjfe
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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G*%rjgr % Jtr5,ìág , %g ue res)e`+j s g)erjì:es fe j+r`nu`ìág j)emjs se u+`o`Lj g
g)erjfgr fe `*ujofjfe 9. %g em+jm+g uj g)erjìág fe j+r`nu`ìág
)gfe ser njs+jm+e ag)oe4j agn`mjmfg g)erjfgres o6*`ags ejr`+à+`ags.1 Dj e4)resság fg +`)g Qe (Agmf ) Emtág (GpJ) Qemág (GpN) I`c
Qe < )gfe ser re)resem+jfj )gr (Agmf)7(GpJ);(GpN) e `ssg )gfe seru+`o`Ljfg muj g)erjìág fe j+r`nu`ìág vjgs mg em+jm+g `*mgrjr `s+g)jrj 9.
, E4e)ogs ;`)oes
1 9 < J vjr`veo +gj g vjogr K9.
1 4 < 9 0 9 2 J vjr`veo B +gj g vjogr fe j uo+`)o`ajr )gr j`s 59.
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
?&g1g Agm1gmj Y @t%rjt'g , J ajfj eoeem+g re)resem+jfg mu /ou4g*rjj e mu )seufg-
a6f`*g agrres)gmfe uj gu j`s `ms+ruì:es mg )rg*rjj.
, %g em+jm+g fe)emfemfg fg +`)g fe `ms+ruìág eojs )gfe gu mágser e4eau+jfjs jujmfg fj e4eauìág fg )rg*rjj.
, Es+j s`+ujìág s6 à )gssveo )grue e4`s+e fg`s +`)gs fe nogagsue mág `)o`aj gnr`*j+gr`jem+e j e4eauìág fjs `ms+ruì:es
1 Nogags $gmf`a`gmj`s , ;ág gu mág ság e4eau+jfgs , ;e /gre e4eau+jfgs `ssg s6 se ver`/`aj uj veL
1 Nogags @+erj+`vgs , ;ág e4eau+jfgs m veLes m )gfe ser `*ujo j Lerg9
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
?&g1g Agm1gmj , D nogag agmf`a`gmjo fe `ms+ruì:es re)resem+j
essema`joem+e u agmum+g fe `ms+ruì:es gu g)erjì:es9
)reaef`fg fe uj agmf`ìág. , Jss` u agmum+g fe `ms+ruì:es à e4eau+jfg ajsg j
agmf`ìág sej verfjfe`rj gu /josj< fe)emfemfg fjagms+ruìág fg nogag.
, %g em+jm+g ajsg e4`s+j fg`s nogags fe `ms+ruì:es< u )jrjajsg j agmf`ìág sej verfjfe`rj e gu+rg )jrj ajsg jagmf`ìág sej /josj f`L-se ue g nogag à agmf`a`gmjoe4aous`vg. Es+j fes`*mjìág à u+`o`Ljfj )grue )gr e4aouságs6 à e4eau+jfg u fgs nogags.
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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=&jl , %g e4e)og jm+er`gr ujmfg g 4 à K8 e K> jm+es fg nogag9<
j)6s e4eauìág fg nogag g 4 +e )rea`sjem+e g esg
vjogr. %g em+jm+g )gfe reveojr-se O+`o fe+er`mjr ujo g rjge4eau+jfg e u`+js veLes reagrre-se j uj gu j`s /oj*s)jrj `ssg.
, Dj /oj* à uj vjr`veo +`)`ajem+e `m+e`rj gu nggoejmj9.
, Essj vjr`veo jssue vjogres f`/erem+es se*umfg g rjg fgnogag e4eau+jfg.
, Js /oj*s +jnà )gfe ser u+`o`Ljfjs mgs nogags `+erj+`vgs eu`+js veLes à gmfe se reveoj j`s `)gr+jm+es.
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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, Ijìj g /ou4g*rjj fe u )rg*rjj ue reaene >vjogres 4<9 fg u+`o`Ljfgr e `)r`e j suj sgj.
Jf`a`gmjoem+e< g )rg*rjj fever `m/grjr se gu+`o`Ljfgr `m+rgfuL`u jo*u mOerg me*j+`vg u+`o`Le jmgìág fe /oj*9.
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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veLes meaessr`g.
, %u /ou4g*rjj ság re)resem+jfgs ag uj agmf`ìáge u agmum+g fe `ms+ruì:es fe /grj jmog*j j unogag agmf`a`gmjo. %g em+jm+g j agmf`ìág fg nogag`+erj+`vg jssue g )j)eo fe ar`+àr`g fe )jrj*e )grue
eoj à )reaef`fj )eojs `ms+ruì:es fg nogag. , J)esjr fe sere re)resem+jfgs fe /grj jmog*j mgs
/ou4g*rjjs< e &`m*uj*e $ gs nogags `+erj+`vgs ságre)resem+jfgs )gr /gr< fg Z`oe e Z`oe.
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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Xrg*r%j% g ?&g1g @t%rjt'g , `)resa`mfveo ue g ar`+àr`g fe )jrj*e sej se)re j+`m*`fg<
ajsg `s+g mág se ver`/`ue g )rg*rjj em+rj e a`aog `m/`m`+g.
, ! ar`+àr`g fe )jrj*e à j+`m*`fg j+rjvàs fe `mareem+g gufeareem+g fe uj vjr`veo `m+e`rj.
, %ág esueaer j feaojrjìág fjs vjr`ve`s o`m*uj*ems `)erj+`vjs9.
, ! mOerg fe veLes ue se re)e+e g )rgaessg )gfe ser
1 Xrà fe/`m`fg )eog )rg*rjjfgr< gu sej g )rg*rjjfgr +e jaer+eLj fe ujm+js `+erjì:es meaess`+j )jrj rejo`Ljr j +jre/j.
1 @m+rgfuL`fg )eog u+`o`Ljfgr< `.e. fe)emfem+e fe vjogres e4+ermgs , Quer )jrj g ar`+àr`g fe )jrj*e.
, Quer )jrj g vjogr fg `mareem+g.
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es+jr )rev`jem+e feaojrjfj. se)re meaessr`g
feaojrjr j vjr`veo7 , %jo*ujs s`+ujì:es à meaessr`g `m`a`jo`Ljr j vjr`veo<
gu sej< j+r`nu`r-oZe u vjogr )gr fe/e`+g jujmfg fjfeaojrjìág.
8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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8/3/2019 IntroProg_Cap4_2
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
E3%r1+1g , ^e)resem+j e Xseufg-$6f`*g e e Iou4g*rjj +rs
)rg*rjjs augs ar`+àr`gs fe )jrj*e ság
K.K , ?e/`m`fgs )eog )rg*rjjfgr.K.> , ?e/`m`fgs )eog u+`o`Ljfgr mg ar`+àr`g fe)jrj*e.
K.G , ?e/`m`fgs )eog u+`o`Ljfgr mg `mareem+g 3feareem+g fj vjr`veo.
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AU^QG; AEV/FXC
F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
E3%r1+1g , ^e)resem+j e Xseufg-$6f`*g e e Iou4g*rjj u
)rg*rjj ue
1 @)r`j mg eará gs K88 )r`e`rgs mOergs )jressu)er`gres j u vjogr `m+rgfuL`fg )eog u+`o`Ljfgr. , Jmjo`se se )jrj es+j s`+ujìág< g mOerg fe
e4eauì:es fg nogag `+erj+`vg à /`4g gu vjr`veo.
1 ^eaenj m mOergs fg +eaojfg e gs sge +gfgs< )gr/` esarevj j sgj feoes f`v`f`fj )gr m àf`j9. , %g+j su)gmZj ue g vjogr fe m à )ef`fg
`m`a`joem+e jg u+`o`Ljfgr.
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F@QA@XO@MJ; @mtrg. è Xrglrjcjìág
JMG OEAV@YG; >8/>8!
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