invertebrate portfolio

Invertebrate Portfolio

Portfolio Item 2

Portfolio Item 2

Invertebrate – An animal that does not have a backbone.

Vertebrate – Animals with an endoskeleton and a backbone.

Portfolio Item 2 Heterotroph – An

organism that must consume its food from an outside source because it cannot manufacture organic carbon compounds from an inorganic source.

Portfolio Item 3 Embryo –

Organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.

Symmetry – Balance or similarity in body structures of organisms.

Portfolio Item 3 Radial Symmetry –

Can be divided along any plane through a central axis into roughly equal halves.

Bilateral Symmetry – Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves that form mirror images of each other.

Portfolio Item 3 Asymmetrical

Symmetry – An animal that has no symmetry.

Portfolio Item 4 Endoderm – Inner layer of cells in the

gastrula that develops into digestive organs and the digestive tract lining.

Portfolio Item 4

Ectoderm – An embryological tissue that forms the outer covering of the animal’s body.

Portfolio Item 4 Mesoderm – An

embryological tissue found between the ectoderm and endoderm that eventually differentiates into muscle.

Portfolio Item 4 Blastula – A

hollow ball of undifferentiated cells.

Portfolio Item 4 Gastrula – Two-layer-

cell sac with an opening at one end that forms from the blastula during embryonic development.

Differentiation – The process in which identical cells start to develop and become specialized based on their eventual function in the organism.

Portfolio Item 4

Coelom – A fluid filled body cavity that is lined with mesoderm on each side.

Psuedocoelom – A body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm on each side.

Acoelomate – Organisms that do not have a body cavity

Portfolio Item 4

Portfolio Item 5

Cnidarians have: Radial Symmetry Two true tissue layers:

Ectoderm Endoderm

Portfolio Item 5

Cnidarians have: Three classes: Examples:

Hydrozoa Hydra, Portuguese man-o-war

Scyphozoa Jellyfish, sea wasps

Anthozoa Coral, anemone

Portfolio Item 5 Cnidarians have:

Two body forms: Polyp Medusa

Portfolio Item 5

Cnidarians have: Gastrovascular cavity that serves as:

Digestion Circulatory System Hydrostatic skeleton

Portfolio Item 5

Cnidarians have: Possess tentacles with nematocysts used

for: Catching food Defense

Portfolio Item 5 - Hydra

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Flatworms have a coelom - Disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Flatworms chew their food with teeth - Disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Flatworms have no nervous system - Disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Roundworms have radial symmetry - Disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Regeneration is a from of sexual reproduction - Disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Some flatworms are parasitic - Agree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Roundworms have a coelom – agree and disagree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Hookworms and pinworms can infect humans - Agree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Roundworms can regenerate body parts that have been lost - Agree

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Three classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda

Portfolio Item 6 – Nematoda and Platyhelminthes - Trichinella

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin (polysaccharide bound with protein)

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

As arthropods grow, they shed their old exoskeleton in a process called molting.

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropod appendages are jointed.

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropods are like earthworms in that they have segmentation.

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Most arthropods have three major body regions called: Thorax – Middle Abdomen – Posterior Cephalothorax – HeadSome arthropods only have a abdomen and

cephalothorax!

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropods have several types of structures for obtaining oxygen: Spiders have book lungs

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropods have several types of structures for obtaining oxygen: Insects have tracheal tubes

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Arthropods have several types of structures for obtaining oxygen: Crustaceans have gills

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Some arthropods such as bees exhibit parthenogenesis which means that reproduction occurs without fertilization!

Portfolio Item 8 – Key Features of Arthropods

Name of Class Example Unique FeaturesArachnida Spiders, Scorpions They have eight legs

Crustacea Crabs, Lobsters, and Shrimp

Chewing jaws, and a pair of appendages on each

segment of the thorax

Chilopoda Centipedes Flat bodies and one pair of legs per body

segment

Diplopoda Millipedes Rounded bodies and two pairs of legs per

body segment

Insecta Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Flies, and

Grasshoppers

Three distinct body parts – head, thorax, and abdomen

– and three pairs of legs.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: External Anatomy

Structure Function

Legs Allows for jumping – Has claws for clasping to objects.

Eyes: Simple / Compound

Simple – Detect light intensity, but cannot see. Compound – Made of individual units

call ommatidia. Sees shape, color, movement, and distance.

Antennae Perceives odor, touch, humidity, vibration, wind velocity and

direction.

Spiracles Valve-like opening in exoskeleton used for air.

Tympanum Hearing organ.

Forewing / hind wing Long wings used for flying.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: External Anatomy

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: Internal Anatomy

Crop: Sac in which food is stored until it can make its way through the gizzard.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: Internal Anatomy

Gizzard: Muscular sac that contains hard particles that helps grind food before they pass into the intestine.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: Internal Anatomy

Gastric Caeca: Transports undigested food from the stomach to the intestine.

Intestine: Stores undigested material until it can be eliminated through the anus.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper: Internal Anatomy

Malphigian Tubules: Waste excreting structure that also helps maintain homeostatic water balance.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper The eye of the

grasshopper is composed of many independent lenses and “retinas”, giving the eye a faceted appearance. Nerve tissues, found in the head, assemble the multiple images into a single image.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper

Compared with single-aperture eyes, compound eyes have poor image resolution; however, they possess a very large view angle and the ability to detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper

A grasshopper’s ability to see is that of a single image with a 160 degree angle.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper

The first two segments of the legs are ball and socket, which give the grasshopper a wide range of movement.

The bottom of the leg gives extra traction. The first two pairs of legs are for crawling, clinging, and

climbing. Rear legs are for jumping!

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper

Spiracles are located all along the abdomen so that all cells of the insect’s body are richly supplied with oxygen.

Biolab – Dissection of a Grasshopper

You did not find blood vessels in the grasshopper because it has an open circulatory system. Blood flows through the open body cavity and around vital organs, supplying them with nutrients.

Portfolio Item 9 Spinnerets are the

second pair of arachnid appendages used for sensation and holding prey.

Portfolio Item 9 Segmentation

allows arthropods to move efficiently in a variety of ways.

Portfolio Item 9 A series of major changes after an insect’s

larval form is called metamorphosis.

Portfolio Item 9

Arthropods have jointed appendages that grow and extend from the main body.

Portfolio Item 9 During the pupa

stage and insect transforms into and adult form.

Portfolio Item 9 Honeybees communicate information about

food sources by performing dances!

Portfolio Item 9

Immature insects that hatch from eggs during incomplete metamorphosis are called nymphs.

Portfolio Item 9 Insects have three

pairs of legs.

Portfolio Item 9 The thorax is the

middle body region to which legs and wings are attached.

Portfolio Item 9 The two body sections of most arachnids

are called the cephalothorax and abdomen.

Portfolio Item 9

Horseshoe crabs are a primitive marine species that are related to arachnids. One main difference between horseshoe crabs and arachnids is that arachnids have segmented exoskeletons.

Portfolio Item 9 Swimmerets are

appendages used by crustaceans, such as this lobster, for swimming.

Portfolio Item 9 Arthropods are

classified by their segments, appendages, and mouthparts. Arthropods are coelomates, which means they have body cavities, so this does not provide a means of classification.

Portfolio Item 9 Arthropods have three primary respiratory

organs: gills, tracheal tubes, and book lungs. Spinnerets are silk formation on the abdomens of spiders.

Portfolio Item 9 This evolutionary

tree shows that annelids and arthropods share certain evolutionary features such as segmentation.

Portfolio Item 9

The benefit of a segmented body is efficient and complex movement.

Portfolio Item 9 Arthropod’s wings

are attached to it’s thorax.

Portfolio Item 9 – Incomplete Metamorphosis

Portfolio Item 9 – Complete Metamorphosis