ipm in tomatoes peas beans asparagus afvga2010

IPM IN

TOMATOES, BEANS & PEAS, ASPARAGUS

Dr. Ayanava MajumdarExt. Entomologist, State SARE Coordinator

Gulf Coast Research & Ext. Center

8300 State Hwy 104, Fairhope AL 36532

Tel: (251) 331-8416

bugdoctor@auburn.edu

Presentation layout Status of IPM in vegetables (AL) General listing of insect pests:

Pest ID

Insect monitoring/forecasting program

Insecticidal recommendations*

Non-insecticidal management of insects New insecticidal mode of action Extension resources in Alabama

General listing of pestsTomatoes Peas/Beans Asparagus

Early season: Early season: Bud/Shoot feeders:

Aphids Aphids Asp. aphid

Thrips Thrips Asp. beetle

Flea beetles Lesser cornstalk borer Beet armyworm

Colorado potato beetle

Fruit feeders: Foliage feeders: Root/stem feeders:

Tomato fruitworm Mexican bean beetle Beet armyworm

Cabbage looper Bean leaf beetle Cutworms

Stink bugs Cabbage looper Asp. miner

Spider mites Grasshopper

Pod feeders:

Cowpea curculio (peas)

Corn earworm

Plant bugs (lygus bugs, stink bugs)

Why practice IPM?• Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.

• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…

• Loss of tomatoes in the absence of insecticides: 95% (AL)*

• Nationally, average gain from IPM is $19 for every dollar spent (field crops)*

• Insecticide use in AL, 1992-2002: asparagus (-30%), green peas (-73%), green beans (-36%), tomatoes (-20%)…

• Major damage to crop is caused by:

• Lack of early detection• Insecticide resistance

*L. Gianessi, 2009. Crop Protection Research Institute.

Insect monitoring project(new in 2009)

• Use traps for early detection of pests

• What does trap catch tell you?

Catch = pop. density x activity

• Commercial traps/lures used

• Trapping period: June-October

• Trapping interval (2009): 14 days

Generate information you can use WITHIN SEASON

Know WHAT to scout for

Know WHEN to scout

Automatic identification of insects

Prediction models will be avail. with more study

Why use pheromone traps?

Wing trap Pherocon trap Bucket trap

Stink bug trap

TOMATO INSECT PESTS

What is it?Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Sample ten plants in several locations

Yellow sticky traps at edge of field

Like cool, dry weather

Watch for ants and lady beetles

ET = 50% leaves with aphids

What is it?

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Use sticky cards (yellow, blue)

Bag and shake technique

No action threshold

Use resistant varieties (BHN 444, 589, 640, Bella Rosa)

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Monitor level of defoliation

Sample small plants with sweep net during morning hours

Observe activity of parasitoids, predators (sweep net)

ET = 5-10% defoliation early season, 25-30% defoliation mid-season

Flea beetles (tobacco-Epitrix hertipennis, pale striped, etc.)

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Start looking on border rows

Scout intensely short crop (<6 inch)

Estimate no. of insects on 10 plants

ET = 5 beetles per 10 seedling or 10% defoliation in short crop

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Larva of lady beetle (beneficial insect!)

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Examine green fruit, stem terminals

Scout for egg masses or larvae

Use pheromone traps to detect first flight; ET = 5-10 moths per night when temp. is <85F

ET is ½ if temp. is >85F

Threat is high if one fruit each plant is damaged

Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea

Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens

Corn earworm

6

10

25

12

16

5

3

11

8

3

8

17

7

0

4

8

12

16

10.2

3.4

9.6

10.3 12.8

15.4

8.7

3.7

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Insect density (overall) per site

Year 2009

Tobacco budworm

3

2

7

20

15

3 6

6

3

1

3

Insect density (overall) per site

0

2

4

6

8

5

3.1

7.6

8.1

1.4

5 6.2

3.7

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Year 2009

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Minor foliar pest (ET = 5 larvae per 10 plants)

Easy to collect & identify – shake and collect

Watch for sun scald on fruits, esp. 20% defoliation

Look for fecal pellets on leaves

Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni

Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens

Cabbage looper

10

12

23

3

9

3

5

June

July

(ear

ly)

July

(late

)

Aug (e

arly)

Aug (l

ate)

Sept (

early

)

Sept (

late)

Oct

(ear

ly)0

2

4

6

8

24.4

4.5 5.57.5

7.3 8.2

1.3

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Soybean looper

6

15

12

2

14

June

July

(ear

ly)

July

(late

)

Aug (e

arly)

Aug (l

ate)

Sept (

early

)

Sept (

late)

Oct

(ear

ly)0

2

4

6

8

10

6

4

4.4

9.1

9

9.2

3.6

7.3

Monthly average activity (statewide)

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Know the good species (next slide)

Use a sweep net

Use pheromone trap (expensive?)

Intensify scouting at fruit setting

ET = 0.25 bugs per 10 plants (green fruit stage)

Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula

Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus

Green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare

Predacious stink bugs • Typically have short beak (plant bugs have long beaks)

• Abundant in orchards, thick crop canopies, weedy borders

• Voracious feeders of caterpillars

• Watch numbers: a sudden increase may indicated pest presence

Euthyrhynchus floridanus Podisus maculiventris Alcaeorrhynchus grandis

Source: R. Mizell, UFL Extension. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in534

SB feeding on armyworm

BEAN/PEA INSECT PESTS

International experience

India is a major producer of beans in the world. A farm family sorts extra-long green beans in India before sale in market.

Uniqueness of Pea/Bean plants

Produce abundant foliage (30% leaf loss prior to bloom is OK)

Rapid growing, profusely flowering…attracts many insects

What is it?Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Sample ten plants in several locations

Yellow sticky traps at edge of field

Like cool, dry weather

ET = 50% leaves with aphids

What is it?

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Use sticky cards (yellow, blue)

Bag and shake technique

No action threshold

Use resistant varieties

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Late planted crop in dry areas!!

Uproot the plant and look near the soil line

Look for silken tubes near entrance hole in stem

Use pheromone traps (strongly recommended)

Our finding: very high moth activity throughout the southern and central counties

Lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus

Why early detection of pests is useful?

Lesser cornstalk borer in many crops (Clarke, Washington, Escambia Co., Henry Counties)

Lesser cornstalk borer

119

116

7646

142

143

77

Insect density (overall) per site

0

40

80

120

22.5

85.7

118.3

101.6

131132.8

113.6

64

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Year 2009

What is it?

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Extensive defoliation (ladder form)

Look for yellow to orange clusters of eggs

Intensify scouting during June-July

Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis

What is it?

Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Beetles appear in red or yellow, use sweep net

Watch for damage on pods

Round holes on leaves, root damage by larvae

Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata

Pod damage on soybean

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Minor foliar pest (ET = 5 larvae per 10 plants)

Easy to collect & identify – shake and collect

Watch for sun scald on fruits, esp. 20% defoliation

Look for fecal pellets on leaves

Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni

Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Very destructive on peas (pod damage)

Check field edges, shelter belts

Difficult to control insect – timely detection vital

Cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus

What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:

Direct pod damage – leaves a scar on pods/seed

Watch for aborted flowers due to injected toxins

Use a sweep net to estimate populations (ten swings)

ET = 1 per six feet row (South Carolina)

Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula

Lygus bug, Lygus lineolaris

Insect pests of Asparagus

Common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

Asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi

Outbreak of armyworms in soybean, peanuts (2009)

Beet armyworm

4

10

21

33

49

25

8

19

36

27

25

0

10

20

30

12.3

21.4

28.3

26.6

30.2

19.819.8

12.3

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Insect density (overall) per site

Year 2009

Fall armyworm

20

19

15

32

48

27

36

29

17

1216

13

0

10

20

30

40

5.211.8

23.2

34.7

23.6

31.633

17.3

Monthly average activity (statewide)

Insect density (overall) per site

Year 2009

DIAGNOSIS OF A PEST PROBLEM

Five steps to be a smart scout

Step 1. Define the problem (ecosystem approach)

Step 2. Look for patterns (early detection)

Step 3. Use recommended scouting procedures (econ. threshold)

Step 4. Monitor problem development (sample frequently)

Step 5. Determine causes of injury , insect identification

NEW ONLINE RESOURCES

IPM COmmunication REsources (IPM-CORE) Project

Project archive: www.aces.edu/go/85 or www.aces.edu/go/88

“AU Pest Alert” (direct email): May-October

Web outreach: Blogs, YouTube, AlabamaCrops.com, AGFAX.COM

IPM Hotline (messages): 1-800-446-0375

Make sure you see the AL IPM EXHIBIT

Timely revisions to Extension bulletins

Goal: Synchronized rapid IPM information delivery to growers

Acknowledgements

IPM Trapping Coordinators: A. MajumdarH. FadamiroK. Flanders

IPM Team Members:Lloyd ChapmanNeil KellyMichael ReevesGary GrayJames MilesWilliam East, Jr.Brandon DillardLeonard KuykendallChris BeckerTimothy Reed

Thank you very much.

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