ireland in the 20 th century 3 rd year history. divisions pro-treaty (regulars or free state army)...
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Ireland in the 20th Century
3rd Year History
Divisions
Pro-Treaty (Regulars or Free State Army) V Anti Treaty (Irregulars or Republicans)
Both sides grabbed barracks as the British left
Irregulars took 4 Courts Collins won election well.
When 4 Courts Irregulars took a Regular general, Collins attacked them. He won easily with British artillary.
The Munster Republic
Limerick to Waterford Collins used ships to
surround the irregulars (Anti Treaty)
Irregulars led by Liam Lynch.
Ignored Devs orders
Death of Collins and Griffith
August 1922 Griffith had brain
haemorrhage Beal na mBlath WT Cosgrave and
Kevin O Higgins took over
Guerilla Warfare
Did not work well because: Free State had support of most
people They knew the land as well Great brutality on both sides April 1923 Liam Lynch killed. Frank
Aiken and DeV called a ceasefire
Results
Death and destruction
Lost leaders Bitterness Political Parties
(Fine Gael + Fianna Fail have roots in civil war
Governing Irelandin 1900
Irish MPs and lords in Westminster
Lord Lieutenant represented King
Chief Secretary represented British government
Nationalists
Vast majority supported Irish Parliamentary Party (Home Rule Party).
Led by John Redmond 84 of 105 seats in 1910 Home Rule meant a
parliament in Dublin to deal with internal affairs
Peaceful means. Had support of the
Liberal Party.
IRB
Secret revolutionary organisation
Responsible for 1867 Fenian Rising
Complete independent Republic
Supported by Irish in USA
Sinn Féin
Arthur Griffith 1905
Dual monarchy Abstentionist Tariffs to develop
industry Small until after
1916
Unionists
Wanted to stay in UK. No HR. 3 reasons
Felt British Home rule = Rome
rule Fear of losing trade
links Carson and Craig Supported by
Conservatives (Empire would fall apart)
Labour Movement
Poor state of workers in Ireland
James Larkin from Liverpool set up ITGWU
William Martin Murphy and Employers Federation = Lockout
Police, government and Catholic Church supported employers.
After 5 months workers defeated
ITGWU did not die
Cultural Nationalism and the Emergence of New Movements
GAA Gaelic League Irish Literary
Revival
The Home Rule Bill
1910 the Liberal government needed the support of the Home Rule Party (84 seats)
1911 Liberals passed The Parliament Act. House of Lords could only delay bills for 2 years.
1912 Third Home Rule Bill became law.
1914 WW1 broke out. 1916 the Irish didn’t
want Home Rule
Unionist Opposition
Took different forms Demonstrations and
speeches by Carson and Craig
Solemn League and Covenant
UVF Larne (35000 rifles) The Curragh Mutiny
Nationalist Reaction
Eoin MacNeill wrote ‘The North Began’
IVF IRB involvement Howth gun running
(900 rifles) Asgard WW1 stopped Civil
War
REACTION TO WORLD WAR 1
Unionists joined 36th Ulster Division to show support for the union
Redmond’s speech at Woodenbridge split IVF
Those who supported Redmond became the National Volunteers and joined the British army
Those who supported MacNeill kept IVF name (IRB mainly)
250,000 Irishmen fought in WW1. 30,000 to 40,000 died
THE 1916 RISING
IRB ‘England’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity’
Military Council (Thomas Clarke, Patrick Pearse, Sean McDermott, Thomas Mac Donough, Joseph Plunkett and Eamon Ceannt)
James Connolly and the Irish Citizen’s Army persuaded to join.
Roger Casement. 20,000 rifles from Germany on the Aud.
MacNeill would not take part unless they were attacked first. The Castle document was forged. MacNeill was deceived and agreed to allow the IVF take part at Easter
Plans for a Rising
Plans go wrong
Aud captured and scuttled.
Casement arrested and hanged.
MacNeill found out the Castle Document was a forgery and called off manoeuvres on Easter Sunday
The Rising goes ahead
Military Council decided to go ahead on Easter Monday.
Rising confined to Dublin and bound for military failure
Pearse and the Proclamation 1500 rebels took key buildings in the city (GPO,
Boland’s Mills, Jacob’s Factory, The Four Courts) Failure to take Dublin Castle a big mistake. British reinforcements from the Curragh and
England. The Helga shelled the GPO Saturday, unconditional surrender
The Results of the Rising
1. 500 killed, more injured, much damage2. Dubliners angry with rebels3. Martial law (2000 interned)4. 90 sentenced to death. 15 executed in
Kilmainham Jail. Irish minds were changed. Home Rule finished.
5. Sinn Féin got blamed and became popular. It changed its aim to an Irish Republic. DeValera became its leader.
The Conscription Crisis Compulsory military service further
boosted Sinn Fein’s popularity The 1918 General Election 73 seats for Sinn Fein Called their MPs Teachtaí Dála and
refused to take seats. 1919 Dáil Éireann set up.
THE INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE
Sinn Féin and the First Dail
1919 Mansion House 27 TDs only, jail or on the run First meeting issued: Declaration of Independence A message to the Free Nations of the
World A programme to improve living and
working conditions
Sinn Féin and the First Dail
At a later meeting DeValera (rescued) elected president
Collins was Minister for Finance; Markieviec (labour), Griffith (home affairs and vice-president)
The Dail: Got control of Local gov. Set up their own courts Got loans
The War of Independence
Same day of First Dail, Soloheadbeg happened (Breen, Treacy and others). 2 RIC dead, stole gelignite.
Early stages, RIC main target of guerrilla campaign.
The War of Independence
Collins Director of Intelligence.
The Squad. £10,000 reward.
Flying Columns (Tom Barry, Liam Lynch, Ernie O Malley) victories at Kilmichael and Crossbarry.
The British Response
Black and tans Auxiliaries Could not cope with
guerrilla warfare and carried out reprisals (Cork, Balbriggan, burnings, beatings and murder)
The Government of Ireland Act 1920
Major incidents of the War of Independence
Tomás MacCurtain,s murder
Terence MacSwiney’s 74 day hunger strike
Bloody Sunday 21st of Nov 1920. 11 agents killed. 12 in Croke park (Michael Hogan).
Burning of Customs House (80 of Dublin brigade gone)
Peace
People wanted peace. IRA out of ammo and short of men. Bad publicity for British Gov.
Costing a lot of money DeValera and Lloyd George agreed
a ceasefire.
THE IRISH CIVIL WAR
Divisions
Pro-Treaty (Regulars or Free State Army) V Anti Treaty (Irregulars or Republicans)
Both sides grabbed barracks as the British left
Irregulars took 4 Courts Collins won election well. When 4 Courts Irregulars took a Regular
general, Collins attacked them. He won easily with British artillary.
The Munster Republic Limerick to Waterford Collins used ships to surround Irregulars Death of Collins and Griffith August 1922 Griffith had brain haemorrhage Beal na mBlath Collins shot WT Cosgrave and Kevin O Higgins took
over
Guerilla Warfare
Did not work well because:
Free State had support of most people They knew the land as well Great brutality on both sides April 1923 Liam Lynch killed. Frank Aiken and DeV called a ceasefire
Results
Death and destruction Lost leaders Bitterness Political Parties (FF, FG and Sinn
Fein all have roots in Civil war)
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