irrigation suitability in malawi
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Irrigation suitability in Malawi
Weston Anderson
Tingju Zhu
Presented by: Ephraim NkonyaIFPRI
Lilongwe Malawi
November 4, 2014
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Introduction
Irrigation development is inadequate in general for both countries, given the level of exposure to climatic shocks and potential benefits
Consider constraints from both biophysical and socioeconomic factors
Focus on small scale irrigation Economic feasibility and desirability not
accessed
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Importance of irrigation : Crop water deficit exists even in wet season
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Precipitation / E
vaporation (mm
)
Water A
vailability (million m
3)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall
Potential ET
Runoff
Note: Limpopo River basin in Mozambique
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Irrigated plots, rainy & dry season, Malawi
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Type of irrigation in Malawi – rainy season
Page 5
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Type of irrigation – dry season (dimba)
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Major crops irrigated – rainy season
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Crops irrigated – dry (dimba) season
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Irrigation Suitability Criteria
Criteria ExplanationTopography (slope) Small scale irrigation (SSI) tends to occur in areas
with gentle slopeGroundwater accessibility Groundwater depth an indicator of accessibility to
its access. Distance to perennial surface water
Indicator of accessibility to surface water
Proximity to existing irrigation
Indicator of access to irrigation & farmer knowledge of AWM.
Market access Adoption of irrigation relies on markets both for securing inputs including equipment/facility maintenance and for selling crop products.
Surface runoff Small scale irrigation technologies, such as small reservoirs, depend on local runoff
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Cut-off points for irrigation suitability
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Irrigation suitability – including all constraints
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Irrigation extent in Malawi greater than Mozambique
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Irrigation suitability with no mkt access constraint
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Market access is the most constrictiveConstraint (dominant factor)
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Groundwater irrigation suitability using treadle pump – with no mkt access restriction
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Surface water irrigation suitability with no mkt access restriction
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Where is irrigation mostly suitable and in need?
Study in progress that combines irrigation suitability and irrigation requirement
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Drivers of adoption of irrigation technology
Probit model type Structural Reduced
Access to rural services
Received credit0.168***
Participate in market0.222***
Received food aid -0.102**
Ln(distance to city, km)
-0.107***
-0.095***
Rural area (cf urban)0.590***
0.660***
Human capital Grow tobacco 0.092*
Ln(household head age, years)
-0.167***
-0.203***
Ln(household size)0.122***
0.128***
Female headed household -0.112**
-0.142***
Primary activity livestock0.138***
0.197***
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Drivers of adoption of irrigation (cont’d)
Driver Structural Reduced
Level of education of household head (cf no formal education)Primary education -0.021 0.005Secondary education -0.190** -0.212***Post secondary education -0.174 -0.194Land tenure/method of acquisition (cf customary)Purchased 2.408*** 2.388***Rented 2.172*** 2.155***Granted by local leaders 2.393*** 2.400***Other acquisition methods -1.137*** -1.076**
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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 18
Conclusions
There is great potential for irrigation in Malawi during the dry season but such potential is grossly under-utilized
Increasing irrigation suitability and adoption will require:• Aggressive promotion of agricultural water
management (AWM) technologies• Improving access to
– markets & information– Credit
• Target women and the youth
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