islam 20th century india
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II. Broad Schools of Thought
Barelvi
DeobandiAligarh Modernist
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Schools of Thought
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` Four common schools
` Often referred to as maslaks (lit. tacks, or schools)
` Barelvism:embracing ritualism and Sufi practice` Deobandism:promoting conservative revivalism
` Ahl-e-Hadith: spreading Saudi/Wahhabi salafism
` Aligarh Modernism: reconciling faith and science
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Schools of Thought: Barelvi
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` Background
` Founded as a movement by Ahmed Raza Khan (b. 1856),
who hailed from Bareilly, U.P., India (hence Barelvism)` Formally known as Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat (people of the
way of Muhammad and the community), or simply,Ahle
Sunnat
` Believed to represent the majority of Muslims in India
and Pakistan, at least 200m strong
` In Pakistan, particularly prominent in Punjab and Sindh
` In Afghanistan, historically influential in the south
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JW1
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Slide 3
JW1 JW add notes about presence and role of Barelvism/Sufism in Afgh. Ref NBR article by Tom JohnsonJoshua White, 9/1/2010
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Schools of Thought: Barelvi
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` Beliefs
` Widely seen as the most moderate school
` Accepting of popular devotion, including:` Celebrating the birthday of Muhammad, and the death
anniversaries (urs) of Sufi pirs and other holy men
` Visiting shrines
` Seeking counsel or healing from, or praying to,pirs
` Performing zikr(devotional repetition of the names of God)
` Theology
` Follows the Hanafi school of jurisprudence
` Believes Muhammad to be noor(light), more than man, and
possessing special powers of knowledge and presence
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Schools of Thought: Barelvi
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Schools of Thought: Barelvi
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` Affiliations
` Often equated with Sufism, but not precisely the same
(Sufi orders, or tariqah
s, dont correspond with schools)` Representative body: Sunni Ittehad Council
` Madaris board:Tanzeem-ul-Madaris
` Barelvi shrines, often led by Sufi pirs, are often important
social, economic, and political institutions
` Barelvi parties (e.g. Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan), are weak,
but Barelvis themselves are active in politics
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Schools of Thought: Barelvi
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` Policy questions
` Are Barelvis the answer to extremism? If so, how can
they be supported in a way that is constructive?` U.S.Consulate in Lahore
funded restoration of
Barelvi Sufi shrines in
Punjab. Is this wise?
` Will, or can, Barelvis resistgrowing radicalization
in Punjab by Ahl-e-Hadith
or sectarian groups?
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Photo: U.S. Embassy Islamabad
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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` Background
` Revivalist movement that sprung up, like many others, in
the wake of the 1857
Mutiny` Dar-ul-Uloom madrassa founded in Deoband, U.P., grew
to be large and well-organized
` Spawned affiliated madaris throughout India and
Afghanistan
` Eventually came to be more influential in Pakistan than
present-day India, and intertwined with politics
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Dar ul-Uloom & Deobandism
` Founded in 1865 (U.P., India),instills intense hatred for British /foreign influence
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3-8 yr programs in fiqh;
advocatespolitical activism & Salafi view
` 1947-96: 2,512 madrassa alongPak/Afg border (w/ student body of200 + talibs)
` Many funded by Wahhabis / SaudiArabia; serve as Incubator for
Taliban
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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` Beliefs
` Early founders belonged to Sufi tariqahs
`
Movement sought to purify Islam of syncretism andpopular devotional practices, seen as being Hindu
` Over time, became more strict, austere, and anti-Barelvi
` Rejects popular mysticism
` Frequently suspicious of music, poetry, dance, etc.
` Follows Hanafi jurisprudence
` Most prominent in northwest Pakistan, Karachi, and
Afghanistan
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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` Affiliations
` Strong madaris network, represented by the Wafaq-ul-
Madaris al-Arabia
` Pashtun-majority JUI political parties (discussed later)
` Militant groups, including HuJI, HuA
` Many anti-Shia sectarian organizations
` Taliban groups and Talibanism
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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Schools of Thought: Deobandi
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` Policy questions
` What can be done to broaden the curriculum at
Deobandi madaris, and the worldviews of the graduates?
` How to deal with a movement that is so fragmented?
` Do moderate Deobandis
have a voice to rein in the
militants?
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Schools of Thought: Aligarh
Modernist
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` Background
` Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan founded the Muhammedan
Anglo-Oriental College in 1875,
modeled on Oxbridge
` Later became the famous Aligarh
Muslim University
` Not a maktab as such, but
representative of a modern visionof Islam and Islamic education
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Secular Modernism: 19th-20th CE
Shibli Nomani
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Aligarh Muslim University, India
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Schools of Thought: Aligarh
Modernist
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` Beliefs
` Compatibility of faith with modern science and technology
`
Social reform, especially in education` Policy questions
` The Aligarh vision had a profound impact on Indian Islam,
but gained less traction in Pakistan. Why? And can anything
be done to change this pattern?
` Can a modernist vision of Islam succeed in a region where
religion functions as a basis for identity politics?
` Does supporting modern education actually reduce
extremism? What about introducing scientific and technical
subjects into madaris curriculum?
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