islamic architecture report

ISLAMIC

ARCHITECT

URE

Islamic Architecture- secular and religious styles-  four principle architectural

types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort

INFLUENCES AND

STYLES

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Rashidun Caliphate- 632–661- first state to use Islamic

Architecture- the first foundation of

Islamic cities Basra, Kufa and Fostat

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Umayyad Caliphate- Umayyad Empire - 661–750 - Minarets, Arabesque,

Mosaic, Luxury palaces.

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba (785

CE)- Construction lasted for over two centuries

under Abd ar-Rahman

- Mezquita (Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba

Abd ar-Rahman III ordered a new minaret (9th century)

Al-Hakam II enlarged the plan of the building and enriched the mihrab (961

Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir completion of the outer aisles and orange tree courtyard were completed in 987

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba- 1236- King Ferdinand III of Castile

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba

Characteristics:

- Giant arches and its forest of over 856 ( of an original 1,293) columns of jasper, onyx, marble and granite

- Richly gilded prayer niches and mihrab

- Maksoureh (anteroom for the caliph and his court)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at CordobaCharacteristics:- Baroque choir- Courtyard of the Orange Trees (Patio

de los Naranjos)- Torre del Alminar

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Moorish architecture-  Alhambra- Arab tradition of

architecture and design

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Fatimid Architecture- Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Fatimid Architecture•  al-Azhar mosque - "the splendid“ , - 969–973,- Cairo- First congregational mosque

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Fatimid Architecture• Mosque of al-Hakim - 996–1013

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk architecture- 1250–1517 AD- Religious Zeal (Zealotry)- Mamluk rule- Cairo, wealthiest city and the center of

artistic and intellectual activity- Ibn Khaldun: “the center of the

universe and the garden of the world”

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk architecture- built of stone and

predominant in the two major regions under their control: Egypt and Greater Syria

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk architecture- wood: doors, panels,

mihrabs and mashrabiyyas - Domes, built of stone- Stucco

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk architecture- Four-iwan plan (including mosques and madrasas)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk Architecture- three-tiered minaret- Buildings are generally not

symmetrical- Qibla

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Mamluk Architecture- Calligraphy- Ablaq technique- Muqarnas- very cosmopolitan in nature

Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan- Cairo, Egypt- 1356 – 1363 AD- Used stones from the pyramids at

Giza- 300 people were killed – minarets

MOSQUE OF SULTAN HASSAN

Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan

Characteristics:

- The building became a mosque and religious school for all four juristic branches of Sunni Islam: Shafi’e, Maliki, Hanafi and Hambali

Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan

Characteristics:- Represent great Mamluk

architecture monument in Cairo- Façade is about 76 meters long

and 36 meters high

Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan

Characteristics:

- Verses from the Quran in elegant Kufic and Thuluth scripts adorn the inner walls

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Persian Style- One of the first civilizations

that Islam came into contact with during and after its birth

- eastern banks of the Tigris and Euphrates

STYLES

Persian Style- Baghdad based on Firouzabad in

Persia- Naubakht and Mashallah, hired by al-

Mansur- Persian-style mosques: tapered brick

pillars, large arcades, and arches supported each by several pillars. 

Persian Style• Imam Mosque- 1611 - 1629

- UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

- Shayk Bahai (Architect)

- Has 4 minarets

Persian Style• Friday Mosque of Herat- Jumah Mosque

- Heraf, Afghanistan

- 1404 – 1446

- Jalal al-Din Firuzshah (Architect)

- Has 8 minarets

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Azerbaijani Architecture- home of Nakchivan and Shirvan-

Absheron architecture schools- mausoleum of Yusuf, (1162)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Azerbaijani Architecture- Shirvan-Absheron school used

stones instead of bricks- Palace of Shirvanshahs

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Timurid Architecture-  pinnacle of Islamic art in Central

Asia-  sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in

present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir in Samarkand

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Timurid Architecture- Axial symmetry (Shah-e

Zendah in Samarkand & the mosque of Gowhar Shad in Mashhad)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Ottoman Turkish Architecture-  most numerous and largest

of mosques exist in Turkey- Byzantine, Persian, & Syrian-

Arab designs

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Cupola domes-  500 years Byzantine architecture:

Hagia Sophia served as models- Shehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye

Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque.

HAGIA SOPHIA

SHEHZADE MOSQUE

SÜLEYMANIYE  MOSQUE

RÜSTEM PAŞA MOSQUE

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Achieved the highest level architecture

in the Islamic lands

- mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. 

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Simple buildings with extensive decorations transformed by Ottomans through dynamic architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semidomes and columns

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Mosques was transformed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of esthetic and technical balance, refined elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Indo-Islamic Architecture- fusion of Arab, Central Asian and

Persian elements with the local Hindu

architecture

- most famous examples of Mughal architecture are the series of imperial mausolea, which started with the pivotal Tomb of Humayun, but is best known for the Taj Mahal

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- 22 years (1631-1653)- Shah Jahan for Mumtaz Mahal, 14th

wife- 20,000 workers- 32 crore rupees

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- “Palace of the Crown”- Taj means “crown”- Mahal means “palace”

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, principal

designer with the help of Ustad Isa from Persia

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Indo Islamic Architecture-  charbagh style of Mughal

garden: Shalimar Gardens in Lahore where the domeless Tomb of Jahangir is also located

- Red Fort and Agra Fort, built for Akbar

RED FORT

AGRA FORT

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Sino-Islamic architecture-  The Great Mosque of Xi'an  first Chinese

mosque established in the 7th century during the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an

- buildings date from the Ming Dynasty, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques instead, it follows traditional Chinese architecture

GREAT MOSQUE OF XI’AN

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Sino-Islamic architecture-  important feature: symmetry

(which connotes a sense of grandeur); palaces to mosques

- Gardens (asymmetrical)

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Sino-Islamic architecture-  red or grey bricks- Wooden structures- Curved – typical roof

INFLUENCES AND STYLES

Common Interpretation

- Concept of God or Allah’s infinite power, evoked by designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity

- Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art

- Foliage

- “architecture of the veil”

- Use of grandiose forms: large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards: convey power

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC

ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Four-iwan plan

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Cupola – small, dome-like structure on top of a building- Provide lookout, to admit

light and air,- Crowns a larger roof or

dome

Ribbed cupola, Mosque of Uqba

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

PISHTAQ- Formal gateway to the iwan- Main prayer hall of a mosque- Vaulted hall or space, walled

on three sides, with one end entirely open

- Calligraphy bans, glazed tilework, and geometric designs

Great mosque of Esfahan

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

- Use of bright color- Paler sandstone and grey

stones- Focuses on both the interior

space of a building and the exterior

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

ISLAMIC DECORATIVE ELEMENTS3 fundamental forms used in

Islamic art:• Calligraphy• Islimi• Geometry

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Geometric Pattern- exemplify the Islamic interest in

repetition, balance and symmetry and continuous generation of pattern

- the integration of geometry with such optical effects as the balancing of positive and negative areas, a skillful use of color and tone values

Alhambra

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Arabesque (Islimi)- Biomorphic- Floral patterns- Flowers and trees

Islamic relief panel from Medina Azahara,

Cordoba, Spain

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Calligraphy- Closely linked to geometry- Proportions of the letters are all

governed by mathematics- Inscriptions, most often used as a

frame along and around main elements of a building like portals and cornices

TAJ MAHAL

Sources:

http://www.islamic-architecture.info/A-HIST.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture

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