it in the news group 7 mfr audio added
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IT in the News: Group 7RFID Technology
Sean Maloney, Joel Peterson,
Andy Pierce, Ashley Ross,
and Mike Wheeler
RFID Overview
RFID = Radio frequency identificationWireless, radio transmission of serial numbers and other dataData is read by radio antennas which then transmit the data to a computerReduces need for human input of data and also cuts down on human errorTypical RFID tags can store 2KB of data
Passive vs. Active Tags
Passive tags: Powered only by the
reader They are less
expensive so work for low-ticket items
Tags can be read up to 20 feet away
Can be disposed or rewritten
Active tags: Use internal batteries
for power Information is sent to a
reader Good for more costly
items or items that need to be read from greater distances (ie: SunPass or other toll reader)
Cost Issues
Can be cost prohibitive because they initially cost about $1 per active RFID tag. The cost has now dropped to 20 – 40 cents per unit but still is cost prohibitive for some. The ultimate goal is a tag that costs around five cents. Tags on boxes are typically thrown away after one use but tags on pallets can be recycled and reused.
Real-time Data
Having data available in real-time has revolutionized the supply chain and communicates information much more quickly, efficiently and with fewer errors.
Real-time Data
Now, when a supplier ships a pallet of goods out to a buyer, the tags on the cases and pallet are scanned and the information is immediately sent to the buyer to notify them that they have left the supplier’s warehouse and will be arriving in a certain time period. The system will take those goods out of the supplier’s inventory.
Real-time Data
Once the buyer receives the goods they scan them which automatically adds those good to their inventory and notifies the supplier that the goods have been received.
Supply Chain Push vs. Pull
It used to be that companies would manufacture goods based on sales forecasts and push the goods out into the supply chain. If demand exceeded supply then they would lose sales. Likewise, if supply exceeded demand then they would have excess. Now, goods can by pulled through the supply chain based on the real-time demand for those goods. Inventory is replenished and reordered based on the actual demand.
RFID History
The first passive RFID system was discovered by the Germans during World War II when they learned how to alter radar signals to identify themselves to their countrymen The first active RFID tag was patented in 1973 by Mario CardulloThe US Government began using RFID tags in the 1970s to track nuclear materials
RFID History
In the 1980s the RFID system became commercialized with automated toll readers Other advances lead to UHF radio waves and low frequency 125 kHz systems to track cows and other livestockLater higher frequency systems were developed which meant that the RFID tags could be read from further away and have faster data transfer
RFID History
Even as use and interest was improving, there were still major price hurdles to overcome.Realizing that they would not get any cheaper unless more systems were purchased, several businesses came together in 1999 to establish the Auto-ID Center at MIT. This center was created to find the technology to produce low-cost RFID systems and help roll them out to a larger market.
RFID History
Auto-ID Center professors David Brock and Sanjay Sarma changed RFID into a networking technology when they discovered a way to link tagged objects to the Internet – this meant that manufacturers could use the technology to communicate the status of production and shipment. The Auto-ID Center developed Class 1 and Class 0 air interface protocols and the EPC (Electronic Product Code) numbering scheme. Their technology was licensed to the Uniform Code Council in 2003 who partnered with EAN International to launch the EPCglobal Network as a way to commercialize the EPC technology.In 2003 the Auto-ID Center closed and RFID research duties were passed on to Auto-ID Labs.
RFID History
In 2004, EPCglobal created a second-generation standard which allowed for more usage by major manufacturers and retails across the US and the world. In 2003 Wal-Mart announced that by 2005 all suppliers would be required to use RFID tags on cases and pallets of purchased goods
Reasons Manufacturers Use RFID
RFID allows companies to accurately track material and product in the supply chainRFID can help identify leak pointsReal time data collectionAbility to easily share information with customers
Manufacturers & Producers Utilizing RFID
iGPS
Plastic pallet pooling company based in Orlando, FLCurrently uses Gen 2 UHF (915mhz) tags in all of its plastic palletsPresence of RFID tags in pallets makes inventory tracking simpleiGPS customers can utilize the RFID tags embedded in iGPS pallets for their own trackingWhile some customers use the RFID feature, not all have the capital to invest in RFID software
Swire Bottling
Swire Bottling, a Coca Cola bottling group, uses RFID to track syrup tanks and carbon dioxide cylinders in Hong KongPrior to 2010 Swire would lose hundreds of assets per year at restaurant and retail locationsIntroduction of RFID tags to assets dropped the number of lost assets to near zeroAdding the $.25 tag to each asset reduced cylinder and tank replacement costs by $31,000 US / year for the division
Trasluz Casual Wear
Trasluz, a European clothing manufacturer and retailer, adopted RFID in 2010Trasluz uses RFID through the entire supply chain, from production to retail sale
Every store item is RFID tagged, allowing for real time inventory trackingSmart racks count the number of items on each shelf; Smart mats at exits prevent theft
Goodpack
IBC container rental company corporately located in SingaporeIBC’s (Intermediate Bulk Containers) are metal containers used for holding liquids such as rubber, food or chemicals
Goodpack uses RFID to identify the last recorded location of each container atGoodpack depots and customer warehouses. Customers are provided RFID scanners to ensure each every container is scanned upon arrival & departure
Retailers that Request & Require RFID Tags
RFID Forecast$9.7 billion by 2013
15 percent compound annual growth rate
Passive tag ranges only 1-2m
10% of retailers undergoing RFID initiatives
20% of retailers to begin rollout by 2010
American ApparelImmediate sales floor items replenishment required
Embarked on RFID pilot in 2007
Rolled out RFID at item level in April 2008
Enabled American Apparel to track items when
* tagged at manufacturer
* received in its retail stores
* stored in the stock rooms at the stores
* placed onto the sales floor and sold at the POS
Wilson Sporting GoodsRFID Compliance requirement
- Enlisted services of Zebra Corporation- EPC Gen 2-standard labeling system
Zebra R110Xi printer/encoders - Smart labels are hand-applied to cases and pallets- Routed past a fixed-position RFID reader that
captures shipment information
METRO GROUPAmong the retail industry's pioneering users of
RFID
Employed RFID technology in logistics and warehouse management since 2004
Tracks incoming goods processes for 400 locations
More than 750,000 pallets are recorded each year using this technology at their central goods depot
TescoThird-largest global retailer measured by revenues
Second largest measured by profits
Stores in 14 countries
Passive RFID tag on roll cages
Cages are identified when delivered to retail outlets
RFID tag by OATSystems is able to identify what cage is destined for which store
Wal*Mart Aggressive RFID efforts
Confirmed commitment to RFID in supply chain
Issued warnings to suppliers of $2-3 fines per pallet that did not contain an RFID tag.
Wal*Mart's 600 top suppliers use RFID technology to some degree
Implementing RFID chips on individual items to increase inventory control
Current Happenings & New Technologies
Consumers
Payment by mobile phone
Pet tracking
Implants/bracelets
Detect counterfeits / protecting valuables
Current Happenings & New Technologies
Miniaturization
Current Record Holder:Hitachi 0.05mm x 0.05mm
Major Challenges
Current Happenings & New Technologies
Standardization
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Frequency Spectrum Issues
EPC Global
Current Happenings & New Technologies
Security Concerns
Eavesdropping/Skimming
Tag Cloning
Shielding
EPC Global Network Denial of Service attack
The Internet of Things
During 2008, the number of devices connected to the internet exceeded the number of humans on earth By 2020, there will be 50 billion“things” connected to the internetThose “things”
will not be just computers and smart phones. With applications of RFID, every “thing”
will be connected, monitored and managed.
Cost Challenges
Costs of tags must be reduced to the point of being negligible
Technologies are being developed that will enable RFID tags to be printed using current ink jet or lithograph printing technology
Future RFID tags will be no more expensive than current tags on clothes
Range Limitations
Current operational ranges for passive RFID tags is limited to a few metersLimiting factor is wavelength – moving from HF (today) to UHF to Microwave could take range to 500m/tagCurrently inventory mustbe manually scanned or actively pass a sensor,extended ranges will allowone sensor to keep track ofan entire warehouse – in realtime
Size Reduction
Smart Dust technology promises tags 64 times smaller than the current Hitachi micro-tagEven smaller nano and molecular RFID will allowtracking and monitoringof food through the supply chain – feeding data on environmentaland product conditions
Sensors
Despite improved ranges, sensors will have to be deployed. Mesh networks are linked sensors that read RFID signals and broadcast the data via the internet.Sensors in themesh can also actas repeaters tooffer essentially limitless range
Sensors
While mesh networks
will be critical to RFID
success, the real
breakthrough is in the
palm of our hands.
The ubiquitous smart
phone will get smarter
Applications & Implications
Supply chain usage will drive new technology Tagging of individual items Ability to manage inventory in real time Automation – i.e. check out, theft prevention Limited only by imagination
Social implications much deeper Social media revolution – passively “check in”, but
pass on info besides location; not just where you are, but who and what you’re there with
Credit cards that know when you’re in a store and what’s there you might want
Police broadcasting Smart Dust onto a crowd of protesters
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