iv. gender and change

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GGI (Gender Gap Index) is measured by the World Economic Forum since 2005. The higher the %, the better the gender gap is closed, and is measured using:1. Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment2. Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher level education3. Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures4. Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratioTop countries (> 75% gap closed): Northern Europe, New Zealand, Philippines, South AfricaLow countries (<50%): Mali, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Egypt

South Africa

Yemen

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Gender Gap Index (GGI): 0 (total inequality) to 100% (total equality)

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GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) is more precise than GDI and measures gender inequality in key areas such as political participation (% of seats in parliament), economic participation (% of legislators, senior managers, technical fields, etc) and female income.

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