jan.22 fuels and vehicle technology
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JAJA Workshop for IWorkshop for I--J EPA SWG2J EPA SWG2 . 22, 2010. 22, 2010
Automotive FuelsAutomotive Fuels
and Vehicle Technologyand Vehicle Technology
for Sustainable Mobilityfor Sustainable Mobility
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Air QualityGlobal Warming
Surroundings of AutomobilesSurroundings of Automobiles
Emissions
CO2
EnergyCO2 reduction
Energy
Three major issues : Energy, COThree major issues : Energy, CO22 reduction, Air qualityreduction, Air quality
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AutomakersAutomakersEfforts to the IssuesEfforts to the Issues
Fuel Efficiency Improvement Technology
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technology
Emissions reduction Technology
Body:Vehicle weight reduction, Reduced aerodynamic resistance
Engine improvements:
Combustion, VVT, Reduction of friction lossDrive-train improvements:CVT, Increased number of gearNew System:Hybrid vehicle, EV
including improvement of fuel quality
Biofuel, FTD, CNG, Fuel Cell Vehicle
Combustion, Fuel injection spray, Thermal management,After-treatment system:Catalyst performance, DPF
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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Engine Technologies for Fuel EfficiencyEngine Technologies for Fuel Efficiency
Valve-train
Roller cam followerVariable valve timingVariable valve lift
Intake air systemElectronic throttleHigh volume EGR
CombustionIgnition systemDirect injection
Combustion chamber
Reduced friction lossPiston surface treatmentLow tension piston ring
Low viscosity oil
Variable Valve actuation
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CVT
DriveDrive--train Technologies for Fuel Efficiencytrain Technologies for Fuel Efficiency
Automatic TransmissionIncreased number of gearExpanded lock-up area
Neutral controlCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission)
Electric powerElectric 4-wheel driveHybrid system
Manual TransmissionAutomatic MTReduced friction loss
Engine
Motor
Inverter
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Clean Energy VehiclesClean Energy Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicle
CNG Vehicle
Electric Vehicle
LPG Vehicle
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
Clean Diesel VehicleFuel cell Vehicle
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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Aggregate Annual Air Quality TrendsAggregate Annual Air Quality Trends
in Asian Citiesin Asian Cities
Source:www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-72383.html
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
01993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
TSP
PM10
SO2
WHO guideline
WHO guideline
WHO guideline
g/m3
Year
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Changes in Japans Annual Air Pollution AveragesChanges in Japans Annual Air Pollution Averages
00
0.020.02
0.040.04
0.060.06
0.080.08
0.10.1
0.120.12
0.140.14
0.160.16
0.180.18
7070 7272 7474 7676 7878 8080 8282 8484 8686 8888 9090 9292 9494 9696 9898 0000 0202 0404 (year)(year)
Average data taken by theAll Motor Vehicle Emission
Monitoring Station
Average data taken by theAll Motor Vehicle Emission
Monitoring Station
NO2 (ppm)NO2 (ppm)
SPM (mg/m3)SPM (mg/m3)
Conce
ntration
Conce
ntration
NO2 standard
SPM standard
Air Quality Improvement in JapanAir Quality Improvement in Japan
(Source: Ministry of the Environment)(Source: Ministry of the Environment)2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards
Achieved rateAchieved rate
Nitrogen dioxide
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NO2
Suspended
particulate matter
SPM
Suspended
particulate matter
SPM
100%100%
94.4%94.4%
89.5%89.5%
88.6%88.6%
Urban backgroundUrban background
RoadsideRoadside
Urban backgroundUrban background
RoadsideRoadside
NO2 and SPM are improving, but some areas have not reached targets
0606
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* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
COCO
NOxNOx
HCHC
100
0
100
0
100
50
0
50%60%
45% 5%
59%75%
48%8%
Mode change
(1010-15)
Mode change(1010-15)
Mode change
(10
10-15)
39%
70%
8%20%
27%
* IW 1,000kgIW > 1,000kg
50
50
2.6%
2.6%
1.6%
2005
(0.8%)
(1.3%)
(1.3%)
Transition of Emission regulation in JapanTransition of Emission regulation in Japan(Gasoline passenger cars)(Gasoline passenger cars)
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* Direct-injection diesel trucks, medium-duty (over 1.7t, up to 2.5t)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
COCO
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
100%
Initial value 30%
Mode 6concentration reg
Mode 10-15 mass reg(Unregulated)
NOxNOx
HCHC
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
19%
80%
2005
68%
56%49%
40% 100%
Initialvalue
54% 38%
Mode 6concentration reg
Mode 10-15 mass reg
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
100%
Initial value 30%6%
Mode 6concentration reg
Mode 10-15 mass reg
100%(Unregulated)
(Unregulated)
PMPM100%
Initialvalue
30%
Mode 10-15 mass reg
36%6%
Black smokeconcentration reg
Transition of Emission regulation in JapanTransition of Emission regulation in Japan(Diesel Trucks)(Diesel Trucks)
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Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EUEmission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU
GasolineGasoline
Euro3Emission
regulations
Euro4
S150S150 S50S50
S10 Incentive
S10S10
S50Fuel quality
Euro2Euro1
All Model All Model
Europe
S500S500
0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088
New Short-TermEmissionregulations New Long-Term
S100, RVP (T50:75S100, RVP (T50:75--110)110) S50S50
S50 S10Fuel quality
S10S10
Japan
1973 Reg
1975-77 Reg
1978 Reg
Euro5
0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088
(Implemented)
(Implemented)
Post New
Long-Term
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Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EUEmission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU
DieselDiesel
Euro3Emission
regulations
Euro4
S350S350 S50S50
S10 Incentive
S10S10
S50
Fuel quality
Euro2Euro1
All Model All Model
S2000S2000 S500S500
Europe
New Short-Term
Emission
regulationsNew Long-Term
S500S500 S50S50
S50
Fuel quality S5000S5000
From 1974
S10S10
Japan
1974 Reg
1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)
97 Reg(NOx, PM)
S2000S2000
S10
0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088
0098 0296 04 06 0894 10929088
S2000
S2000(Implemented)
(Implemented)
Post NewLong-Term
Euro5
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Air qualityAir quality
improvementimprovement
VehicleTechnology
Low Emission
ReliabilityFuel Economy
Energy SecurityEnergy Security
COCO22 ReductionReduction
Relations between Fuel ImprovementRelations between Fuel Improvement
and Vehicle Technologyand Vehicle Technology
Sustainable FutureSustainable Future
Fuel Improvement Emission Regulation
Fuel QualityFuel Quality
Bio Fuels
CombinedCombined
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Gasoline Quality for Low EmissionsGasoline Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;
For air fuel ratio controlDistillation properties (and RVP)Detergent (preventing deposits)
For quicker warm up of catalystLowering sulfur
For keeping higher conversion efficiencyLowering sulfurMetal Free
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Effects of Sulfur on Exhaust EmissionsEffects of Sulfur on Exhaust Emissions
Three Way Catalyst
SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
ULEV : Ultra Low Emission VehicleLEV : Low Emission Vehicle SAE 2000-01-2019
Rela
tiveNOx
150
-50
0
100
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)
SULEVLEV,ULEV
Rela
tiveTHC
150
-50
0
100
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)
SULEV
LEV,ULEV
Emissions from Gasoline Vehicle
Sulfur gives a significant impact on exhaust emissions.
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Increasing T50/T90 increases HC emissions dramatically.
-20
0
20
40
60
80
70 80 90 100 110 120 130
T50 (deg.C)
RelativeHC
-20
0
20
40
60
80
120 140 160 180
T90 (deg.C)
RelativeHC
Note:Base (0) is data from test gasoline that has about 98deg.C of T50 and about 148deg.C of T90
Effects of T50 & T90 on Exhaust HCEffects of T50 & T90 on Exhaust HC
Auto/Oil Phase2Current fleet AQIRP Final ReportEPEFE Aromatics/E100 Study SAE972851Toyota SAE972851Ricardo SAE952522
VehicleTier1Step2
TLEV/LEVStep2
Test Mode75FTPSTEP375FTPSTEP2
Summary of Published DataSummary of Published Data
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Diesel Fuel Quality for Low EmissionsDiesel Fuel Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems
For After Treatment Systems and EGR
Lowering sulfur
For reducing engine-out emissions
Increasing CetaneLowering aromatics and T90
For CR-DI systemsMetal FreeKeep Lubricity
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0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0 30000 0 30000 0 30000, km
PM
g/kWh Drysoot+H2OSulfate
SOF
JARI Engine test cycle
Distance traveled accumulationkm
PM Emissions from Diesel Vehicle
Effect of Sulfur on DPFEffect of Sulfur on DPF
Sulfur10ppm
50ppm
100ppm
Sulfur effect on sophisticated after treatment system is significant .
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Milea
gewhenm
alfunctionw
asoccurre
d
HFRR(m)Lubricity of fuels in vehicle tank
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000
50000
100000
150000
Market Problem caused by Low LubricityMarket Problem caused by Low Lubricity
Low lubricity fuels give fetal damage to FIE(*) immediately.* FIE = Fuel Injection Equipment (Fuel Injector and Injection pump) 23
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The 4th Edition of WWFCThe 4th Edition of WWFC
The 4th edition WWFC isThe 4th edition WWFC is
available in following sites.available in following sites.
WWFCWWFC--The objectiveThe objective
www.autoalliance.orgwww.acea.be
www.jama-english.jp
www.enginemanufacturers.org
The objective of the global fuels harmonization
effort is to develop common, world-wide
recommendations for quality fuels, taking into
consideration customer requirements and
vehicle emission technologies.
WWFCWWFC(World Wide Fuel Charter)(World Wide Fuel Charter)
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Emission regulations of MotorcyclesEmission regulations of Motorcycles
2002
EU
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Japan
Thailand
China
Indonesia
Vietnam
5th 6th
EURO-2 EURO-3
2nd
EURO-2 EURO-3
EURO-2
EURO-2
EURO-2 EURO-3 or equivalent
4th
1 st
EU Regulation (g/km)
Euro 2
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Emission Control Technology of MotorcycleEmission Control Technology of Motorcycle
Carburetor
Oxidation catalystSecondary air
Fuel injection system
Electric controlThree-way catalystO2 sensor
Catalyst / quick warm-up4 stroke engine
Euro 2
Euro 3
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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International Approach for Fuel QualityInternational Approach for Fuel Quality
// United Nations Environment Program / Partnership for Clean Fuels and VehiclesThe PCFV aims to assist developing countries to reducevehicular air pollution through the promotion of clean fuelsand vehicles.
The partnership operates towards the implementation oftwo identified priority areas: the elimination of lead ingasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasolinefuels, and the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies.
The Partnership aims to encourage countries to adoptoverall clean fuel and vehicles strategies, including vehicleand fuel standards, inspection and maintenance.
http://www.unep.org/pcfv/28
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Diesel Fuel Sulfur Levels : Global Status
http://www.unep.org/pcfv/29
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UNECE / WP29UNECE / WP29UNECE : United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeWP29 : World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
International Approach for Fuel QualityInternational Approach for Fuel Quality
WP29 aims to introduce the international harmonization ofvehicle regulations and the mutual recognition of the vehiclecertification between the importing and exporting country orregions each other.
WP29 recognize that the market fuel quality must becompatible with vehicle technology.
IPIECA and OICA are starting to discuss the fuelparameters which should be included in possible WP29guideline.
IPIECA : International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation AssociationOICA : International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers30
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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JAMA Position about Bio FuelsJAMA Position about Bio Fuels
From the view point of energy security and CO2reduction, bio-fuels become more important.
JAMA positively corresponds to the introduction ofthe biofuels.
There are issues to be solved, Good fuel quality at the pump to prevent problems
and to protect bio fuel reputations.
Competition with food Cost, etc.
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Ethanol
FAME
Diesel
Gasoline
Bio FuelsBio Fuels
Corn
Sugarcane
Wheat
Wood Cellulose
Rapeseed
Palm
Soybean
JatrophaCoconut
Cooking Oil
Bio Ethanol
Bio Diesel
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
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Carbonnumber
Coconut PalmRape-seed
Jatropha Soy-bean
Fatty acid
8 0 Caprylic acid10 0 Capric acid12 0 Lauric acid14 0 Myristic acid16 0 Palmitic acid16 1 Palmitoleic acid18 0 Stearic acid18 1 Oleic acid18 2 Linoleic acid18 3 Linolenic acid20
Composition of Carboxyl Acids in FAMEComposition of Carboxyl Acids in FAMENumber of
Double bonds
The more, the less stable34
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Aldehyde
OOO
O OO O
OO
O
OO
Acid
Source: SAE 2008-01-2502
Oxidation Pathways for FAMEOxidation Pathways for FAME
Oleic Acid Methyl Ester
polymerizeOxidize
Polymer
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Metal Corrosion
Deposit
Deposit
It is necessary to use high-quality biodiesel fuelto prevent these troubles.
Example of troublesExample of troubles
caused bycaused byLow QualityLow QualityBiodieselBiodiesel
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Source: METI Conformity Test
Dosage of Anti-Oxidant Agent, ppmOxidationStability,HrbyRancimat
200 400 600 800 120010000
5
10
15
20
0
Effect of AntiEffect of Anti--Oxidant on B100Oxidant on B100
Oxidation Stability of PME
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Recommendation of AntiRecommendation of Anti--OxidantOxidant
CEN Standards recommend the use of Anti-Oxidant
Final draft of Diesel blending FAME (prEN590)
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)- - -
It is strongly recommended to add oxidation stability enhancingadditives in the FAME product, at the production stage and
before storage, providing an action similar to that obtained with1000 mg/kg of butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT).
Final draft of FAME (prEN14214) Stabilizing agentsIn order to improve the long term stability of FAME, it isrecommended that stabilizing agents should be added to theproduct immediately after its production, at least before itseventual blending into a mixture with petroleum based diesel fuel.
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HydroHydro--treating of Vegetable Oiltreating of Vegetable Oil
CH3
CH3
CH3 CO-O-CH2
CO-O-CH
CO-O-CH2
Hydro-treating FAME
3 O 2
-
- 2
CO2, CH4
3 HC CH33 HC CH3
H2O H2O
CH3-CH2-CH3
3 HC CO-O-CH3
CH OHCH2OHCH2OH
CH OHCH2OH
CH2OH
Source : Nippon Oil / TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006
Double bond
(glycerin)
Hydrogenated
Vegetable Oil
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FAME has poor oxidation stability, and might causetroubles in the fuel system when fuel quality cannotbe secured.
Adequate Specifications, Good house keeping andFuel quality monitoring system for biodiesel arenecessary.
It will be more preferable to utilize BTL Biomass ToLiquid or Hydrogenated Biodiesel ascompared to the use of FAME from the technical viewpoints.
Requirement from Automobiles forRequirement from Automobiles forBiodieselBiodiesel
Biomass to LiquidBiomass to LiquidHydrogenatedHydrogenated BiodieselBiodiesel
FAMEFAME40
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ContentsContents
1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2Reduction and
Vehicle Technology2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality4. Bio Fuels
5.5. International Approach for HarmonizationInternational Approach for HarmonizationofofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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ISO / TC28 / TC7 LiquidISO / TC28 / TC7 Liquid BiofuelsBiofuelsObjectivesTo harmonize the specifications and test methods of biofuels
in case of the increase of trade between markets world wide
ProgressFirst meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro on 27-28 Jan. 2009.
Discussions were Sustainability criteria for biofuels, andStandardization of terminology, classification, specification,
analysis and testing for liquid biofuels.
International Organization for Standardization
International Approach forInternational Approach for
Harmonization ofHarmonization ofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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Objectives To get a common agreement for BDF standardization.
To support the formulation of BDF standards in ASEAN
and East Asia.
MembersAustralia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and JapanOutcomeProposal of BDF specification was decided by the meeting
held in Indonesia on November, 2008.
ERIA:Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia ERIA Energy ProjectERIA Energy ProjectWorking Group for the Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel in East Asia
International Approach forInternational Approach for
Harmonization ofHarmonization ofBiofuelBiofuelSpecificationSpecification
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WWFCWWFC
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WWFCWWFC World Wide Fuel Charter E100 & B100 guidelines for E10 & B5 will be published
soon for harmonize the fuel quality worldwide.
B100Guidelines
E100Guidelines
44
F S i bl M biliF S t i bl M bilit
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For Sustainable MobilityFor Sustainable Mobility
Government
Auto Industries Oil Industries
EnvironmentProtection
EnvironmentEnvironment
ProtectionProtectionEnergy
Conservation
Energy
Conservation
CO2ReductionCO2Reduction
Clean AirClean Air
Alternative FuelAlternative Fuel
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Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !
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