jeffrey heer · 16 april 2009

stanford hci group / cs376

http://cs376.stanford.eduJeffrey Heer · 16 April 2009

Social Computing

Administrivia

Research project abstract drafts, due this Friday, April 17 @ 7am

Content Research Question (in one sentence!) Hypothesis Methodology Study Recruitment Plan

1-2 paragraphs (be concise, but concrete)

space

tim

e

asynchronous

co-located

synchronous

co-located

asynchronous

remote

synchronous

remote

projectors

ambient displays

virtual workspaces

webemail

IMtable-top interactio

n

whiteboards

usenet

telephoneteleconference

snail-mailpost-it notes

tagging

flickr

blogs

youtube

graffiti

google earth

distributed visualization

Social Computing [via Wikipedia]

The intersection of social behavior and computational systems.

(a) Supporting social behavior through computational systems

Blogs, e-mail, IM, social networks, wikis Is this different from CSCW?

Social Computing [via Wikipedia]

The intersection of social behavior and computational systems.

(a) Supporting social behavior through computational systems(b) Supporting information production and “computation” by groups of people

Collaborative filtering, prediction markets, tagging, games with a purpose

“The Wisdom of Crowds”

USENET [Smith, Fiore]

World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft [Yee, Ducheneaut et al]

History Flow

Wikipedia History Flow [Viégas et al]

Group Lens

GroupLens / MovieLens [Univ. Minnesota]

GWAP

Games with a Purpose [von Ahn et al]

Kohavi A/B

A/B Testing [Kohavi et al]

A B

Many-Eyes / sense.us

Many Eyes [IBM]

Mankoff Green FB

StepGreen [Mankoff et al]

RESEARCH

Research Approaches

Studying characteristics of online communities Collect usage data; Observe, interview users

Intervene in existing systems e.g., Facebook apps Controlled experimentation

Introduce + study new systems Requires massive investment (?)

Mining social media Recommendation and matching algorithms, …

Research Questions

How and why do people join communities?How is collective action organized?Why do people contribute?Issues of quality control, privacy, trust, …What are the interactions between social

structure and system design?

How do these findings generalize and inform the design of new socio-technical systems?

friendster

Profiles, Fakesters, Fraudsters

vizster

[InfoVis 05]

World of Warcraft

World of Warcraft [Yee, Ducheneaut et al]

History Flow

Wikipedia History Flow [Viégas et al]

“Talk” Pages on Wikipedia

Viégas et al. 2007

Coordination on Wikipedia

“… [we] note that administrative and coordinating elements seem to be growing at a faster pace than the bulk of articles in the encyclopedia [Wikipedia]”

Viégas et al. 2007

“Emergent” Order and Coordination

Wiki Dashboard

Wiki Dashboard [Suh et al]

Collaborative Tagging & Rating

[Chi & Mytkowicz]

[Budiu, Pirolli, & Hong]

Public Goods

Non-Excludability No one can be stopped from “using” the

good

Non-Rival Goods (Jointness of Supply) Consumption does not reduce availability

Commons-based peer-production (Tech-mediated) social production of goods

Free-rider problem Consumption disproportionate to production Gnutella: 10% users 87% of music [Adar ‘00]

Integrating ContributionsReduce the cost of synthesizing

contributions

Wikipedia: Shared RevisionsNASA ClickWorkers: Statistics

Incentives for Contribution [Benkler]

Monetary (you get reward, $) e.g.: Mechanical Turk

Hedonic (you enjoy it) e.g.: Games with a Purpose

Social-Psychological (you get social capital) e.g.: Discussion forums, Open-source

software

Manipulating Incentives

How to design systems to foster contribution?

Ling et al ‘05: movie recommendations Highlight unique contributions, issue

challenges

Cheshire ’07: simulated music sharing Positive feedback from peers: sustained

contrib. Visible group activity: short-lived boost

Social Psychological Incentives

1 2

block

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

Esti

mate

d M

arg

ina

l M

ean

s

Experiment Condition

High Social Approval

Low Social Approval

High Observational Cooperation

Low Observational Cooperation

Control Condition

[Cheshire]

Awareness and Task AllocationAn understanding of the activities of

others, which provides a context for your own activity. [Dourish & Belotti ‘92]

Ensure work is relevant to the group’s activity View the activities of others (e.g., live or via history) Coordination via shared artifacts Info explicitly generated or passively collected?

Scented Widgets [Willet et al, InfoVis 07]

Visual navigation cues embedded in interface widgets

Next Time… Research

The Science of Design, in The Sciences of the Artificial, pp. 128-159.Herbert A. Simon

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Ch. 1-4, 9, Thomas S. Kuhn, 1962, pp. 1-42, 92-110.Thomas S. Kuhn