john m. murrin, et al. liberty, equality, power a history of the american people
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John m. Murrin, et al.
Liberty, Equality, PowerA History of the American People
Chapter 20
An Industrial Society, 1900-1920
Scientific ManagementFredrick Taylor
Focused on the productivity of the individual worker
‘One best way’ to perform every task
Assembly Line
Henry Ford
Mass Production
Automobile Changes America Economic Impact
Direct Employment in industry Raw materials and suppliers Support industries 10% of GDP today
Automobile Changes America Social Impact
Mobility & Freedom Demographic Changes
Interstate migration Suburbanization
1 Million Dead = 1951 “House of Prostitution
on Wheels”
Eugenics
William M. “Boss” Tweed
Political Machines Unofficial city organization
designed to keep a particular party (mostly Democratic) or group in power
Offered support (social) services to immigrant groups
Corrupt – politics for profit Example: Tammany Hall in
NYC – Run by Boss Tweed Thomas Nast – Influential
cartoonist attacking political machines and other ‘corrupt’ influences
Labor UnionsAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Ludlow Massacre
Population shift – 4 of 10 lived in cities
Segregation by race and class
Offered diversity unseen before
The Urban Frontier
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000
Name Population
1 Cordova, Spain 450,000
2 Kaifeng, China 400,000
3 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 300,000
4 Angkor, Cambodia 200,000
5 Kyoto, Japan 175,000
6 Cairo, Egypt 135,000
7 Baghdad, Iraq 125,000
8 Nishapur (Neyshabur), Iran 125,000
9 Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 110,000
10 Patan (Anhilwara), India 100,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1500
Name Population
1 Beijing, China 672,000
2 Vijayanagar, India 500,000
3 Cairo, Egypt 400,000
4 Hangzhou, China 250,000
5 Tabriz, Iran 250,000
6 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 200,000
7 Gaur, India 200,000
8 Paris, France 185,000
9 Guangzhou, China 150,000
10 Nanjing, China 147,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800
Name Population
1 Beijing, China 1,100,000
2 London, United Kingdom 861,000
3 Guangzhou, China 800,000
4 Edo (Tokyo), Japan 685,000
5 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 570,000
6 Paris, France 547,000
7 Naples, Italy 430,000
8 Hangzhou, China 387,000
9 Osaka, Japan 383,000
10 Kyoto, Japan 377,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1900
Name Population
1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000
2 New York, United States 4,242,000
3 Paris, France 3,330,000
4 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000
5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000
6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,000
7 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000
8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000
9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000
10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 1950
Name Population
1 New York, United States 12,463,000
2 London, United Kingdom 8,860,000
3 Tokyo, Japan 7,000,000
4 Paris, France 5,900,000
5 Shanghai, China 5,406,000
6 Moscow, Russia 5,100,000
7 Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,000,000
8 Chicago, United States 4,906,000
9 Ruhr, Germany 4,900,000
10 Kolkata, India 4,800,000
Top 10 Cities of the Year 2000
Name Population
1 Tokoyo, Japan 26,400,000
2 Mumbai, India 18,100,000
Mexico City, Mexico 18,100,000
4 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17,800,000
5 New York, USA 16,600,000
6 Lagos, Nigeria 13,400,000
7 Los Angeles, USA 13,100,000
8 Shanghai, China 12,900,000
Kolkata, India 12,900,000
10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12,600,000
Problems of Urban LifeCrime Impure waterUncollected garbageAnimal wasteDiseaseOver crowding
Dumbbell TenementsArchitecture contributed to
urban problems
Jacob Riis, 1914
New Immigration From Southern and
Eastern Europe Not Protestant
(Catholic and Orthodox) and Jewish
Most did not know English or illiterate & no industrial skills
Used to more authoritarian governments
More difficult to unionize
“Little Italy” Mulberry Street, Manhattan, NYC circa 1900
The Immigrant Experience Ethnic Neighborhoods: areas in cities where immigrants settled
with others from the ‘old country’ to ease transition and preserve heritage
The Immigrant Experience Employment –
menial labor or manufacturing found either through political machines or ethnic connections
Standard of living – low by US standards, but better than impoverished conditions in European cities
The Immigrant ExperienceTriangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Building (New York) March 25, 1911. Fighting the Fire
www.authentichistory.com
• Select “Early 1900s” tab on the left• Select “Survivor Accounts & Victim List”
Listen to two survivor accounts of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire.
Read over the “List of Victims” & make three general demographic observations about the victims based on the information provided
Reaction All levels of government (except local)
ignored immigrants plight Political Machines – helped immigrants
in return for votes Some churches preached the ‘Social
Gospel’ – others reflected the wealth and conservatism of its members
Settlement Houses Community center / boarding house to aid
immigrants Hull House – Chicago (1889) Jane Adams
The Immigrant Experience
Reaction American Protective Association
Nativists & Labor Union Support Immigration Restrictions based on:
nationality, literacy tests, paupers, criminals, insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, people, carrying contagious diseases
The Immigrant Experience
Religion & New ImmigrationNew Numbers
150 religious denominations in 1890 Salvation Army & Christian Science Catholics top other denominations in
attendance YMCA / YWCA Darwinism
Lasting legacy
Contemporary Religious Diversity 81% of American adults identify themselves with a specific religion:
76.5% (159 million) of Americans identify themselves as Christian. This is a major slide from 86.2% in 1990. Identification with Christianity has suffered a loss of 9.7 percentage points in 11 years -- about 0.9 percentage points per year. This decline is identical to that observed in Canada between 1981 and 2001. If this trend has continued, then:
at the present time (2007-MAY), only 71% of American adults consider themselves Christians
The percentage will dip below 70% in 2008 By about the year 2042, non-Christians will outnumber the Christians in the U.S.
52% of Americans identified themselves as Protestant. 24.5% are Roman Catholic. 1.3% are Jewish. 0.5% are Muslim, followers of Islam.
14.1% do not follow any organized religion. This is an unusually rapid increase -- almost a doubling -- from only 8% in 1990. There are more Americans who say they are not affiliated with any organized religion than there are Episcopalians, Methodists, and Lutherans taken together.
The unaffiliated vary from a low of 3% in North Dakota to 25% in Washington. "The six states with the highest percentage of people saying they have no religion are all Western states, with the exception of Vermont at 22%."
Education Compulsory elementary education in many states Normal (teacher) schools established Segregated Universities – HBU’s
Howard, Clark, Atlanta, Morehouse, Southern, Grambling Private Universities related to Robber Barons
(oops… I mean Captains of Industry) Duke, Stanford, Carnegie Melon, Cornell, Vanderbilt, Chicago
Johns Hopkins – first ‘world class’ graduate program Changing curriculum @ universities Morril Act (1862)
states given federal lands to sell and establish agricultural colleges
Women & The Gilded Age Increase in divorce & use of birth control More women working & voting (Wyoming) Comstock Law – allowed confiscation of ‘obscene material’ Urbanization and the family Margaret Sanger Charlotte Gilman – feminist and author
Women and Economics & The Yellow Wallpaper
National American Women Suffrage Association Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B.
Anthony Antilynching campaign
Ida B. Wells National Prohibition Party & Woman’s
Christian Temperance Union Carrie Nation
American Red Cross Clara Barton
Carrie Nation
Women & The Gilded Age
Tudor
CraftsmanRichardsonian
Victorian Gothic Queen Anne
Architecture
Brooklyn Bridge
"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door“
"The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus (on pedestal of statue)
Statue of Liberty
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