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THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS ON FARMERS' PERCEPTION AND PARTICIPATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
CONSERVATIONNuraeni1)*, Sugiyanto2), Zaenal Kusuma3), Syafrial4)
1) Faculty of Agriculture, UMI Makassar, 2) Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, 3) Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, 4) Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University* Corresponding author: Nuraeni (neni_basri@yahoo.com)
Abstract: This research aims to study the impact of internal factors (knowledge, attitude and skill) and external factors (social, economic and culture) on the perception and participation of farmers in the conservation effort in the upstream area of the river bank area of Jeneberang river in South Sulawesi. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) version 6.
The result obtained from this research is that internal factors have significant influence on the perception and participation of farmers in agricultural conservation effort. This shows that farmer perception and participation can be improved by improving their knowledge and skill in conservation in commercial cultivation of vegetable crops. External factors do not have significant impact on the perception and participation of farmers, since they are experienced as community forest holder before changing to vegetable cultivation.
Keywords: conservation agriculture, internal factors, external factors, conservation, perception, participation.
1. INTRODUCTION
The cultivation of dry field are mostly carried out
in the upstream part of the river bank area, where the
hilly terrain has high level of precipitation. This
results in erosion, which can reduce the productivity of
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the soil. Therefore conservation technique is necessary
to optimize the use of dry field in upstream part of the
river bank area.
The effort to apply the principles of conservation
of resources in cultivation system is principally
dependent upon the perception and participation of the
farmers as autonomous actors in their cultivation effort.
However, it is realized that the farmers are generally in
lacking in means so that the fulfillment of short-term
needs have more priority than the long-term concerns such
as the application of conservation in their agricultural
effort. Based on this consideration, the farmers need
information, education and edification from the
government through the empowerment and instruction so
that it requires an approach to change the mental
attitude of the farmers.
The bank area of the Jeneberang river is one of the
three river bank area in the South Sulawesi which receive
priority. The bank area in the Jeneberang river has been
damaged by the change in the use of land and by the fact
that the cultivation system practiced by the people does
not follow the soil and water conservation techniques
which is necessary for areas with high level of
declination.
The result of analysis by Zubair and Djoehartono
(2001) on the erosion for each kinds of land use in the
bank area of Jeneberang river shows that use of land
which gives large contribution on the pace of soil
erosion is dry field paddy cultivation (tegalan), bushes
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(belukar), garden (kebun) and dry field cultivation
(ladang). The dry field cultivation (tegalan and ladang),
especially in the upstream area, is concentrated on
vegetables, mostly potato and cabbage. The potato
cultivation seems to produce the highest level of erosion
due to the method of cultivating steep pieces of land.
The erosion for all upstream river banks area of
Jeneberang river, based on the amount of dry fields, is
±10,680 ha, where in the upstream area, the land with 8-
15% downward slope is ±2,150 ha (20%) and those with 15-
35% slope is ±3,750% (35%). These area are estimated to
lose their fertile top soil due to the erosion from dry
field cultivation which is equivalent to 4.8 billion
rupiah per year (Yudono, 2002).
Considering that the upstream river bank area is
mostly used for agriculture, then conservation
agriculture is one alternative for agricultural
enterprise which can be developed in the upstream river
bank area of Jeneberang river. According to Arsyad
(2006), conservation agriculture is basically an
integrated approach in agriculture which focuses on the
development of dry field cultivation combined with soil
conservation techniques (vegetative and mechanic) in an
effective manner to achieve conservation of soil, water
and vegetation in sustainable and profitable manner.
The awareness of the farmers on environmental
problems has been growing but this awareness has not been
translated into direct action. Theoretically, the
deplorable behavior of farmers towards their environment
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is due to the relation between the two, which is affected
by several factors. Therefore, the impact of internal and
external factors on the perception and participation of
farmers in the implementation of conservation in
vegetable cultivation should be studied.
Winkel in Sumarni (2006) has stated that the
psychology on internal aspects of human beings can be
grouped into three categories, that is: (1) cognitive
aspect, which includes knowledge and understanding, (2)
affective aspect, which includes feeling, interest,
motivation, attitude and values, and (3) psychomotor
aspect, which includes observation and motor or
movements.
Bloom in Sudijono (2009) has divided the cognitive
aspect into six hierarchical process of thinking, which
from the lowest to the highest are: knowledge,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and
evaluation. Krathwohl in Sudijono (2009) has divided the
affective aspect into five categories, that is:
receiving, responding, valuing, organization and
characterization by value.
While the psychomotor aspect, according to Simpson
in Sudijono (2009), can be divided into seven categories,
that is: perception, set, guided response, mechanism,
complex overt response, adaptation and origination.
Individual perception is shaped not only by internal
factors but also by external factors, that is the
condition outside the individual which can stimulate the
individual to form perception. Based on interactionist
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approach according to Soekanto in Harihanto (2001),
individual behavior is generally affected by internal and
external factors. The internal factors which is psychic
in nature includes perception, personality, mental
intellectual aspect, ego, morality, belief and
motivation, while the external factor which can affect
behavior is sociocultural, socioeconomic and physical
factors.
Community participation in this research is
understood as the involvement of the people in the
development of their own self, their lives and their
environment (Nasution, 2009). It is further stated that
there are four kinds of participation, that is: (1)
participation in decision making, (2) participation in
action, (3) participation in partaking the results and
(4) participation in evaluation.
Participation in this research is to see how far the
involvement of farmers in the upstream river banks area
of Jeneberang river in implementing conservation in their
cultivation voluntarily. Based on this, then
participation is measured from (1) the involvement of
farmers in meetings, (2) involvement in the
implementation of conservation and (3) involvement in the
maintenance of the existing conservation practices.
Based on the discussion above, this research aims
to: (1) identify the impact of internal factors
(knowledge, attitude, skill) on the perception and
participation of farmers in the conservation agriculture,
(2) identifying the impact of external factors (social,
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economic, culture) on the perception and participation of
farmers on conservation agriculture.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
This research was carried out in the upstream river
bank area of Jeneberang river in the district of
Pattapang, Regency of Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia,
which is chosen as the center of vegetable cultivation in
the area. The population of this research is 182
vegetable farmers, which is chosen randomly, using sample
determination formula.
The variable in this research is two exogenous
variables (internal and external factors) and two
endogenous (perception and participation) with 35
indicators. Data was collected with questionnaire which
is formulated based on the indicators which form each
variables and these are measured with Likert scales.
This research aims to test and analyze the causal
relation between independent and dependent variables.
Therefore, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied
here using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) version 6.
The variables and indicators and data collection method
is shown in the following table.
Table 1. Variables and Data Collection
Variables Indicators Code Data Collection
Internal Factors
Knowledge (X1) 1. Knowledge2. Comprehension3. Application
X1.1X1.2X1.3
Questionnaire with close-ended question
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4. Analysis5. Synthesis6. Evaluation
X1.4X1.5X1.6
Attitude (X2) 1. Receiving2. Responding3. Valuing4. Organization5. Characterization by value
X2.1X2.2X2.3X2.4X2.5
Questionnaire with close-ended question
Skill (X3) 1. Perception2. Set3. Guided Response4. Mechanism5. Complex Overt Response6. Adaptation7. Origination
X3.1X3.2X3.3X3.4X3.5X3.6X3.7
Questionnaire with close-ended question
External Factors
Social (X4) 1. Formal education2. Non-formal education3. Organization4. Information through media
X4.1X4.2X4.3X4.4
Questionnaire with close-ended question
Economics (X5) 1. Household income2. Area of land
X5.1X5.2
Questionnaire with close-ended question
Culture (X6) 1. Religious norms2. Government regulation3. Local custom
X6.1X6.2X6.3
Questionnaire with close-ended question
Community perception (Y1)
1. Improving production2. Reducing erosion3. Improving fertility4. Improving water supply5. Preventing flood and landslide
Y1.1Y1.2Y1.3Y1.4Y1.5
Questionnaire with close-ended question
Community participation (Y2)
1. Presence in meetings2. Implementation3. Maintenance
Y2.1Y2.2Y2.3
Questionnaire with close-ended question
3. DISCUSSION
3.1 Result of Goodness-of-Fit Test
In the SEM analysis, before the model is tested, we
first test the goodness-of-fit of the model. Theoretical
model in the conceptual framework of the research, will
be considered to be have sufficient fit when it is
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supported by empirical data. The test result are
presented as follows.
Table 2. Goodness-of-Fit Results
Criterion Cut-Off Value Result Comment
P ≥0.05 0.000 Lacking fit
Chi Square/DF ≤2.00 1.599 Sufficient fit
GFI ≥0.90 0.773 Lacking fit
AGFI ≥0.90 0.739 Lacking fit
TLI ≥0.95 0.747 Lacking fit
CFI ≥0.95 0.767 Lacking fit
RMSEA ≤0.08 0.058 Sufficient fit
Source: primary data, processed 2011
The result of overall goodness-of-fit test presented
in the table and figure shows that not all criterion
shows fit with the model. Only chi-square/DF and RMSEA
which fulfill the cut-off value, where the value of chi-
square/DF is 1.599, which is lower than 2 and RMSEA is
0.058, which is lower than 0,08.
According to Arbuckle and Wothke in Solimun (2009),
the best criterion for model fit is a value of chi-
square/DF which is less than 2, and RMSEA should be lower
than 0,08. In this research, the value of CMIN/DF and
RMSEA has fulfilled the cut-off value, and therefore the
SEM model for this research is appropriate and hence will
be used for further analysis.
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X1.1
X1.1.6d6
11 X1.1.5d5
1 X1.1.4d4
1 X1.1.3d3
1 X1.1.2d2
1 X1.1.1d1
1
X1.2
X1.2.5d11
11 X1.2.4d10
1 X1.2.3d9
1 X1.2.2d8
1 X1.2.1d7
1
X1.3
X1.3.3d14
X1.3.2d13
X1.3.1d12
11
1
1
Internal F.
1
X2.1
X2.1.4
d19
1
1X2.1.3
d18
1X2.1.2
d17
1X2.1.1
d16
1
X2.2
X2.2.1
d20
1
1
X2.3
X2.3.3
d23
1
1X2.3.2
d22
1X2.3.1
d21
1
External F.
1
Perception
Participation
Y1.1
e1
1
1
Y1.2
e21
Y1.3
e3 1
Y1.4
e4 1
Y1.5
e51
Y3.1 e101 1
Y3.2 e11
1
Y3.3 e12
1
u11
u3
1
g11
g21
g31
g41
g51
g61
X1.3.4d15
1
X2.2.2
d24
1
X1.3.5d25
1
X1.3.6d26
1
X1.3.7d27
1
Figure 1. Goodness-of-Fit Model
(gambar: persepsi = perception, partisipasi =
participation, f. internal = internal factors, f.
external = external factors)
Figure 1. Goodness-of-Fit Model
Further test is then applied for measurement model
and structural model. The measurement model in SEM is
equivalent to confirmatory factor analysis. Factor
loadings show the weight of each indicators as the
measure of each variables. The indicator with highest
loading factor is the most dominant measurement of
variable. While the structural model tests the relation
between research variables, which is identical with
hypothesis testing.
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3.2 Testing The Structural Model
In this structural model, there are six relations
among variables which are tested. The result of the
relations among variables is presented below.
Table 3. Structural Model of SEM: Direct Impact
Relation Among Variables Coefficient P-value Comment
Internal factors ←→ external factors 0.152 0.070 Non-significant
Internal factors → community perception 0.500 0.001* Significant
Internal factors → community participation 0.401 0.001* Significant
External factors → community perception 0.063 0.438 Non-significant
External factors → community participation 0.096 0.240 Non-significant
Community perception → community participation
0.357 0.006* Significant
Source: primary data, processed 2011
Note: * signifies significance with 5% error
The result can be presented graphically as follows:
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(gambar: persepsi = perception, partisipasi =
participation, f. internal = internal factors, f.
external = external factors)
Figure 2. SEM Structural Model
Note: red line represents non-significant paths
Based on the table and figure above, the result of
structural model is presented as follows.
1. Relation between Internal Factors and External Factors
Table 3 shows that internal factors are not related
with the external factors. This is evident from the p-
value which is greater than 0.05. This means that the
external factors, no matter how supportive, would not
have any impact on the internal factors, and vice versa.
The absence of relation between the internal factors
of the respondents, which includes knowledge, attitude
and skill, with their external factors, that is social,
economic and culture, is caused by their background
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before they cultivate vegetables. Most respondent farmers
had formerly worked in the pine forest to supply firewood
for the Paper Mill of Gowa (Pabrik Kertas Gowa).
This experience has shaped the knowledge, attitude
and skills of the respondents as a resource for
themselves. Without the impact from the outside or their
environment such as social, economic and culture, they
are already aware about the advantage and impact of
conservation and they have even applied some of the
conservation techniques in the areas, though still in
simple way and not perfect yet.
2. The Impact of Internal Factors on Community Perception
Table 3 shows that internal factors have significant
impact on community participation. This is evident from
the p-value, which is smaller than 0.05. This shows that
better internal factors would result in greater
participation by the community.
Perception on the benefit of agricultural enterprise
is strongly influenced by the internal factors, which
includes the knowledge, attitude and skills that they
have acquired during the times before they cultivate
vegetables. As the holder of the rights to exploit
community forest, the respondents had often received
instruction or education from the local Agency of
Forestry (Dinas Kehutanan) concerning the function and
impact of logging.
This is marked by the award of the Kalpataru for one
of the local public figure in the early seventies. The
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primary motivation of the community in those times were
not only for environmental protection but also to supply
firewood for the Paper Mills of Gowa. This ecological-
economical effort was carried out based on the belief
that planting pine trees for the supply of the paper mill
would guarantee the continuity and improvement of their
livelihood. Therefore, improvement in the knowledge,
attitude and skill in the implementation of conservation
for the vegetable cultivation will impact the improvement
in their perception on the benefit of conservation on
vegetable cultivation.
3.The Impact Of Internal Factor On Community
Participation
Internal factors have significant impact on
community participation in the implementation of
conservation agriculture. This is evident from the p-
value which is smaller than 0.05.
This shows that the effort to improve community
participation in the conservation agriculture should be
accompanied by improvement in their knowledge, attitude
and skills, especially in relation to the conservation in
vegetable cultivation. This is due to the fact that the
benefit of conservation can only be felt in longer term,
and in the short-term, conservation can even reduce the
productivity of the cultivation.
4. The Impact Of External Factors On Community Perception
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Table 3 shows that there are no positive and
significant impact from external factors to community
perception, as evident from the p-value which is above
0.05. This means that the best improvement on external
factors would not affect community perception.
This shows that the high level of perception on the
benefit of agriculture is not affect by the external
factors, which include social, economic and cultural
aspects. Respondents' perception on the benefit of
conservation agriculture includes the improvement in
production, reduction of erosion, improved soil
fertility, improved water supply and prevention of
flooding and landslide, based on the knowledge and
experience that they have acquired before cultivating
vegetables and from their older generation and fellow
farmers.
5.The Impact Of External Factor On Community
Participation
Table 3 shows that there are no significant impact
from external factors on community participation, as
evident from the p-value which is greater than 0.05. This
means that no matter how conducive the external factors
are, it would not affect the improvement of community
participation.
The low level of conservation implementation in the
vegetable cultivation is caused by the farmers' lack of
understanding on the long term benefit agriculture, and
also by the fact that vegetable commodity requires
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conditions which is incongruous with the implementation
of conservation. There are several reasons on the part of
respondent farmers which cause the low level of
application for conservation techniques: (1) based on
their understanding and experience, planting in line with
the contour of the field will increase the chance of
disease due to lack of drainage, (2) production of
vegetable would decrease to the reduced area for
planting, (3) vegetables will be under the shade of
perennial trees and their growth will be stunted, (4) the
farmers do not have enough time and labor to build and
maintain the infrastructure necessary for conservation
purpose, and (5) they do not feel that such effort would
bring direct benefit for them.
6. The Impact Of Perception On Community Perception
Table 3 shows that perception variable has a
significant impact on community participation with a p-
value smaller than 0.05. This shows that better
perception would result in improved participation by the
community.
It is clear that the respondent farmers are still
amenable to the idea of implementing conservation in
their vegetable fields, with the expectation that their
understanding of conservation for vegetable cultivation
can be improved. This means that deeper understanding on
the conservation in vegetable cultivation would improve
the farmers' participation in the implementation of
conservation.
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4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
1. Internal factors have direct and significant impact
on the perception and participation of the farmers.
This shows that perception and participation of
farmers in the implementation of conservation
agriculture can be improved by increasing their
knowledge and skills in conservation for the vegetable
cultivation.
2. External factors, which includes social, economic
and cultural factors, do not have significant impact
on internal perception, perception and participation
of the community in the implementation of conservation
agriculture. This is due to the background of the
farmers who had worked in the community forest before
cultivating vegetables. These experiences have shaped
their knowledge, attitude and skill so that even
without the impact of external factors (social,
economic, culture), they are already aware and have
applied the conservation techniques, though in limited
fashion.
4.2 Recommendation
1. In the effort to improve the participation of
farmers, external factors should be improved (social,
economic and cultural factors) for the community in
the upstream river bank areas of Jeneberang river.
This is important considering that external factors
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can directly and indirectly improve the awareness of
the farmers which will motivate them to participate in
the implementation of conservation in its agricultural
enterprise.
2. In order to prevent further damage to the river bank
area of Jeneberang river, a regional regulation should
be issued concerning the provision of incentives for
the farmers who apply conservation techniques in their
fields. The incentive may take the form of tax cuts so
that the additional cost expended by the farmers for
conservation purposes can be compensated by the cuts
of land tax (PBB) and vice versa.
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Arsyad, S. 2006. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB Press, Bogor.
Azwar, S. 2009. Sikap Manusia; Teori dan Pengukurannya. Pustaka pelajar Press, Yogyakarta.
Dariah, A., Rachman, A. dan Kurnia, U. 2004. Erosi dan Degradasi Lahan Kering di Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor.
Kurnia, U., Suganda, H., Deddy, E. dan Kusniadi, H. 2004. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah pada Budidaya Sayuran Dataran Tinggi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat. Departemen Pertanian, Bogor
Nasution, Z., 2009. Solidaritas Sosial dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Desa Transisi: Suatu Tinjauan Sosiologis, UMM Press. Malang.
Sudijono, A., 2009. Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan.PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta.
Tambunan, R. 2008. Perilaku Konservasi pada Masyarakat Tradisional. Jurnal Harmoni Sosial, 2. (2).
Yudono, H. 2002. Pola Usahatani Konservasi Hortikultura di Buluballea Malino. Departemen Kehutanan Badan
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Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan. BP2TP DAS Indonesia Bagian Timur, Makassar.
Zubair dan Djoehartono., 2001. Model Pengendalian Sedimen untuk Mempertahankan Kapasitas Waduk Bili-Bili, Sulawesi Selatan. Profiling Wilayah DAS Jeneberang. Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH)-UNHAS. Makassar.
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