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2-AG
2-AG
Found in milk. Combination of arachidonic acid
and glycerol. Stands for 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
Calcium-dependent chemical that regulates
metabolism; blocking it may reduce weight.
Similar structure to marijuana.
acetylcholine
acetylcholine
Also called ACh. First neurotransmitter
discovered. Used in many areas.
Among uses, makes muscles move.
acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholinesterase
Also called AChE. Breaks down
acetylcholine.
affinity
affinity
How tightly drug binds to receptor.
agonist
agonist
As opposed to an antagonist. Acts like
a neurotransmitter. Binds and causes a
receptor to trigger a response.
alcoholism
alcoholism
Alcohol dependence. A type of problem
drinking. Characterized by physical
addiction and continued drinking
despite impairments in health and
social relationships.
amino acids
amino acids
The building blocks to make proteins.
Composed of hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen and nitrogen.
amphetamine
amphetamine
Short for alpha-methylphenethylamine.
A synthesized stimulant that is easily
abused. Structured like dopamine, it is
uptaken, pushes out more dopamine
into synapse, continues euphoric effect.
anandamide
anandamide
N-arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA.
Neurotransmitter that is important for
implantation in uterus, impacts feeding
behavior, and may inhibit breast cancer cells.
antabuse
antabuse
First drug approved to treat alcoholism.
Causes nausea in subsequent drinking
of alcohol. Inhibits alcohol processing.
antagonist
antagonist
As opposed to an agonist. Binds to
receptor and prevents or inhibits a
response.
anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
The front part of the pituitary gland.
Regulated by the hypothalamus, it
secretes hormones such as TSH, FSH,
LH, GH and prolactin.
autoreceptors
autoreceptors
Part of the pre-synapse neuron that is
sensitive to its own neurotransmitter.
Acts as a feedback loop.
cannabinoids
cannabinoids
Any chemical that impacts cannabinoid
receptors. Best known is THC, found in
marijuana.
catecholamines
catecholamines
A group of neurotransmitters created
from tyrosine. Tyrosine is converted
into L-DOPA, and then into dopamine,
norepinephrine and epinephrine,
respectively.
cocaine
cocaine
Highly addictive drugs used both as a
local anesthetic and as a stimulant.
Easily crosses the blood-brain barrier
and might cause it to break down.
Abused for its euphoric effect.
COMT
COMT
Catechol-O-methyl transferase. Breaks
down catecholamine neurotransmitters
in the synapse. Some drugs used to
treat Parkinson’s disease inhibit COMT.
delta 9-THC
delta 9-THC
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Given to
cancer patients to reduce nausea.
Increases appetite.
dopamine transporter
dopamine transporter
Reuptakes dopamine into pre-synaptic
neuron.
efficacy
efficacy
Maximum amount of effect of a drug.
endocrine glands
endocrine glands
A system of glands that secrete
hormones into the blood.
EPSP
EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Change in a post-synaptic neuron
making it more likely to fire.
exocytosis
exocytosis
As opposed to endocytosis. Movement
of secretions out of a cell.
gap junction
gap junction
A nexus. Allows a direct electrical connection
between cells. Makes heart cells fire together.
Also in astrocyte-astrocyte & neuron- glial
connections. In neurons, an electrical synapse.
When one cell is dying, it triggers neighboring
healthy cells to also die (bystander effect).
g protein
g protein
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Act
like molecular switches that activate a
cascade of events. Work together with
hormones and neurotransmitters to
create metabolic effects.
gases
gases
Can be used as a neurotransmitter,
such as carbon monoxide and nitric
acid. Small amounts are used for
neural signaling. Too much is highly
toxic and can cause death.
hallucinogenic drugs
hallucinogenic drugs
Includes psychedelics, dissociatives
and deliriants. Cause changes in
perception, thinking and emotion.
hormone
hormone
Chemical released by endocrine gland
into the blood. Can impact many cells
and can have long-term effects.
IPSP
IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Firing
of a neuron decreased the likelihood of
a post-synaptic neuron firing.
ionotropic effects
ionotropic effects
As opposed the metabotropic.
Localized, short-term effect of a
neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion
channel.
ligand-gated channels
ligand-gated channels
As opposed to voltage-gated. Ion
channels that open because of a
neurotransmitter or hormone.
MAO
MAO
Stands for L-monoamine oxidases.
Group of enzymes that break down
monoamines such as serotonin,
dopamine and adrenaline.
metabotropic effect
metabotropic effect
As opposed the ionotropic.
Generalized, long-term effect of a
neurotransmitter or hormone on an ion
channel or cell.
methadone
methadone
Synthetic opioid used to treat heroin
addiction.
methylphenidate
methylphenidate
A stimulant used to treat ADHD. Better
known as ritalin.
monoamines
monoamines
Chemicals derived from amino acids.
They include catecholamines and
tryptamines, and act as
neurotransmitters & neuromodulators.
neuromodulators
neuromodulators
A chemical that is released by a neuron to
regulate widespread neural activity. Some, like
dopamine, histamine and acetylcholine also
can be neurotransmitters (direct neural
connectors at chemical synapses).
neuropeptides
neuropeptides
Chemicals and neurotransmitters (like
glutamate) that are packed together
and stored in soma and dendrites.
They signal neurons through g-protein
receptors.
nicotine
nicotine
Extremely addictive chemical used as a
insecticide and in cigarettes. In low
doses it’s a stimulant; toxic at high
doses. A nightshade plant.
nitric oxide
nitric oxide
Nitrogen monoxide. A byproduct of
combustion engines, lightning and cell
production. Act as a vasodilator (lasting only
a few seconds), protects the liver, and
increases if you live in higher altitudes.
nucleus accumbens
nucleus accumbens “Pleasure center” because of its role in reward,
pleasure & laughter. Part of basal ganglia; an
NA in each hemisphere. Each has two
structures (core & shell); use GABA as
neurotransmitter. Medium spiny neurons. Also
in aggression, fear and placebo effect.
opiate drugs
opiate drugs
Class of narcotic drugs that includes
codeine, heroin, morphine, oxycodone
and hydrocodone.
oxytocin
oxytocin
Neuromodulator involved in childbirth,
bonding and milk production. Perhaps
involved in empathy and trust.
peptide hormones
peptide hormones
Includes those secreted from pituitary
gland, such as ACTH, prolactin,
vasopressin and oxytocin.
pituitary gland
pituitary gland
Small gland (size of pea) on bottom of
hypothalamus. Secretes peptide hormones.
Anterior pituitary secretes HGH, TSH, ACTH,
beta-endorphin, LH, & prolactin. Posterior
pituitary secretes oxytocin & vasopressin.
posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
The neuron stimulated by another
neuron.
presynaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron
The neuron that stimulates another
neuron.
protein hormone
protein hormone
Also called a peptide hormone.
purines
purines
Includes adenine, guanine, xanthine,
caffeine and uric acid.
reflexes
reflexes
Involuntary action that occurs automatically
and without need for thinking. Infantile
reflexes last for several months before
disappearing. Lifelong reflexes include
coughing, sneezing, startle and scratching.
reflex arc
reflex arc
Shortest behavior unit. Sensory neuron
activate motor neuron (linked by an
interneuron). Path doesn’t go thru brain.
releasing hormones
releasing hormones
Controls release of another hormone.
reuptake
reuptake
Clearing a synapse by pumping
neurotransmitter back into presynaptic
neuron.
second messenger
second messenger
Process by which epinephrine (and
others) change cell activity. Molecules
relay signals from outside to inside cell.
self-stimulation of the brain
self-stimulation of the brain
Rats implanted with electrodes in the
lateral posterior hypothalamus push
level compulsively. In humans, can be
used as operant reinforcer.
spatial summation
spatial summation
As opposed to temporal summation. A
method for encoding magnitude.
Neuron is triggered by the firing of
multiple neurons at the same time.
spontaneous firing rate
spontaneous firing rate
Resting rate that a neuron fires.
Increase or decrease in firing rate can
code separate features (fire more for
green, fire less for red).
stimulant drugs
stimulant drugs
Temporarily improves attention, mood
and alertness. Increases heart rate,
blood pressure and arousal. Includes
uppers such as caffeine, cocaine,
amphetamines, nicotine and MDNA.
synapse
synapse
Gap between neurons. Can be
chemical or electrical.
temporal summation
temporal summation
As opposed spatial summation. A
method for encoding magnitude.
Neuron is triggered by a neuron firing
repeatedly.
tolerance
tolerance
The more you use a drug the less
impact it has.
transmitter-gated channels
transmitter-gated channels
Neurotransmitter- gated channels. Also
called ligand ion-gated channels.
transporters
transporters
Proteins that move neurotransmitters
across cell membranes during
reuptake.
Type I alcoholism
Type I alcoholism
Adult or late-onset alcoholism. Less
genetic, affect men and women about
equally. Characterized by binge
drinking, becomes more severe over
time. Less severe than Type II.
Type II alcoholism
Type II alcoholism
Child or early-onset alcoholism. Strong
genetic link, often starts in early teens,
impacts many more men than women,
more severe impairment. Often abused
drugs too.
vasopressin
vasopressin
Arginine vasopressin. Secreted by
posterior pituitary to retain water and
constrict blood vessels.
vesicles
vesicles
Small bubble, envelope or sack in a
cell. Often refers to storage of
neurotransmitters.
withdrawal
withdrawal
Symptoms from discontinuing a drug.
Caused by drug tolerance.
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