kevin ker brock university and kcms helen fisher u. … · may 10,2007 1 the research team •...
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1May 10,2007
The research team• Kevin Ker, Brock University and KCMS• Helen Fisher, U. of Guelph,
Adjunct Professor Brock University• Ken Slingerland, OMAFRA• Hugh Fraser, OMAFRA• Ryan Brewster, KCMS• Lisa Hildenbrandt, KCMS• Adam Mark – Brock 4th year Biology• Jacqueline Stephenson – Brock 4th year Biology• Cathy Mous• Jenny Mous
2May 10,2007
3May 10,2007
3-Year Applied Research Project
‘Evaluate grapevine & tender fruit winter hardiness & develop best environmental practices for using wind machines to reduce the effects of cold injury’
• November 2005 - 2007• Co-sponsors
Grape Growers of OntarioWine Council of Ontario
• Most funds from CanAdvanceAgricultural Adaptation Council (AAFC)
• Additional funds from CRESTechOntario Centres of Excellence
4May 10,2007
Other FundersOntario Tender Fruit Producers’ Marketing BoardNiagara Peninsula Fruit & Vegetable GrowersKCMS Applied Research and ConsultingOrchard-Rite WM (S. Bosc)Chinook WM (R. Vail)AGRICORP
CollaboratorsTown of NOTLBrock UniversityHernder VineyardsFunk FarmsWeather Innovations NetworkKCMS Applied Research and Consulting
5May 10,2007
Broad Objective of Project• Through applied field research, find the optimum
timing for using wind machines so as to minimizetheir use, which is good for:
Growers, as it saves them time and moneyNeighbours, as it reduces nuisance noise effects
6May 10,2007
Bud Sampling Survey• 20 Nov 2006 to 16 Apr 2007 (8 times)• Follow up with live bud counts in early June• 5 Niagara growing zones• 28 cooperator vineyards• 14 varieties• With/without wind machines• Buds checked if alive (green) or dead (black)• Results help see if wind machines make a difference• For bud survival rates, see www.brocku.ca/ccovi• OMAFRA newsletters
7May 10,2007
% Live Buds (Merlot) March 19, 2007
-89Vinemount74-77-Parkway
8284-85Lakeshore6588-100Central
80 – 9964 – 92BenchEast of CanalWest of Canal
8May 10,2007
% Live Buds During Dormant Season
809172931009598NoCab. Franc Grimsby
56576375899091NoSyrahSt. Catharines
74818192979899YesChardonnay NOTL
M 19
F 26
F 12
J 29
J 15
D 18
N 20
Wind Mach
Variety and Location
9May 10,2007
Bud Survival for ChardonnayWinter 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
Inland Lakeshore
% li
ve b
uds
Feb 08Feb 22Mar 08
A
BB
A A A
adapted from J. Stevenson, Brock University
10May 10,2007
Bud Survival for Cabernet SauvignonWinter 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
Jan 17 Jan 31 Feb 16 Feb 28
ControlPRD50ET100ET
data adapted from A. Mark, Brock University
No significant difference at any date
11May 10,2007
What is an Exotherm?Definition – Amount of heat given off by a chemical reaction• As water freezes (ice nucleation) heat is released from the
system (exotherm)• When ice crystals form inside buds, xylem or phloem, an
exotherm is generated & measured with sensitive equipment
H2O Liquid H2O Solid
HEAT
12May 10,2007
Freezer #1
Modeled from California system (Wample)
Chiller Unit
Sample Chamber
Sample Chamber Thermistor
Custom Software (BudFreeze)
13May 10,2007
Sample Chamber
Cooled liquid travels from chiller, through insulated tubing, into the top of the sample chamber and back to chiller
14May 10,2007
Sample Preparation
15May 10,2007
Sample Capacity
8 wells x 5 buds/well- 3 cultivars/day
# of daily samples
Baco Noir, Foch, VidalHybrid cultivars being sampled (3)
Concord, NiagaraLabrusca cultivars being sampled (2)
Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Gamay, Gewurztraminer, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot
Vinifera cultivars being sampled (10)
All listed cultivars are currently being sampled one time each week
16May 10,2007
Freezer #1 - Problems…
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.00060.0008
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
Data is still inconsistent
Require greater resolution
-- WORK IN PROGRESS --
00.00020.00040.00060.0008
0.0010.00120.00140.00160.0018
0.002
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Better….Too much noise…
17May 10,2007
Freezer #2 - Tenney Freezer Unit
Modeled from WSU systemModeled from WSU system
18May 10,2007
Thermistors, Trays and DAS
• 40 channel, high speed data scanning and logging system
• Scans & logs all data from freezer unit and organizes it into Excel
• ‘THE BRAIN’
19May 10,2007
Data OutputMerlot – Sampled March 15, 2007
-0.0001
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Degrees C
Volts
volts Chn 101 VDC volts Chn 102 VDC volts Chn 103 VDC volts Chn 104 VDC volts Chn 105 VDCvolts Chn 106 VDC volts Chn 108 VDC volts Chn 109 VDC volts Chn 110 VDC
20May 10,2007
Studying sound• Sound mainly comes from blades
Speed, diameter, shape• Sound higher in homes with
Large roomsSquarish-shape roomsLarge windowsHard floorsLight construction
• More home testing planned• Please use extra caution with
locating & operating machines near homes within influence of machine airflow (~125 m/400 ft)
21May 10,2007
Extending Information
• > 20 presentations to 1000 people• > 30 newspaper articles• 3 evening information sessions for
over 150 NOTL residents• Top Q & A’s put in local papers• INFOSheet available (OMAFRA)• Tech paper on sound study (ASABE)• OMAFRA & Brock website info• Extending info continues
22May 10,2007
Here’s the proof they work…• Wind machine used during one
of the late spring frosts early on morning of April 28, 2006
• Two graphs of temperaturesas machine turned on…one hour after operating
• Ground temp dropped from 12oC at 5:00 pm to 0oC after midnight
23May 10,2007
• Vineyard ‘floor’ shows temp sensors at vines over about 10 acres
• Wind machine at centre• Bars ‘up’ are temps at
vines; -0.2oC to 0.4oC• Dashed bar is air temp
20 m above ground, at near 5oC, so about 5oC ‘thermal inversion’
500
353
250
50
-125
-250
-375
-500
-265
0
25050
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1:45 am, wind machine idling
24May 10,2007
• Air temps near vines rose to at least 3oC, especially near wind machine in centre
• Air temp at 20 m above vineyard remained near 5oC
• Area influenced by wind machine is being studied
500
353
250
50
-125
-250
375
-500
-265
0
2505
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2:45 am, wind machine full on
25May 10,2007
Finally, we’ve also learned that….• There is no ‘warm’ air
above vineyard if winds greater than ~ 7 km/h
• Thermal inversions up to 11oC have occurred
• There’s a surprisingly wide range of hrs on machines out there, even in adjacent vineyards
• More localized real-time monitoring is needed as it will reduce machine use
• Machine use likely will range from 25 to 75 hours/year over time
Test machine ran 38 hrs, March ’06 to March ’07
• If our research reduces use only one 8-hour night per year, it saves growers over $125,000/year in fuel costs & reduces complaints which is ‘priceless’
26May 10,2007
Thank you for your attention
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