kibera africa
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Kibera AfricaAfrica’s Largest Slum
Kibera, Kenya• Africa’s 2nd largest slum (Soweto
in Johannesburg, South Africa)• 3rd largest slum in the world
(Dharavi, Mumbai India)• Kibra forest/jungle in Nubian
Kibera - History• Est. 1918 British Kibera• Settlement in forests
outside Nairobi• Nubian soldiers returning
from WWI were awarded plots there for war efforts
Kibera - History• Kenya independence of 1963
housing in Kibera considered illegal by gov’t (no tenure)
• by 1970s landlords renting out properties to greater numbers than the law permitted
Kibera - History• Kibera was affordable despite
being illegal• Since mid 1970’s control of
Kibera in the hand of the Kikuyu (majority of population – 23%)
Kibera - Geography• located in SW of Nairobi• 5 km from city centre• To the south Nairobi River &
Nairobi Dam• Kibera is divided into 13 villages
Kibera - Geography• Area – 2.5km2 (3/4 of the size of
Central Park in NY)• Population 1 million (estimates
have been as low as 170,000) – most recent estimate 235,000
Kibera - Geography• No building over 1 storey and
avg. house size 3m by 3m• Avg. 5 people per dwelling• Water & sewage minimal (1 pit
latrine for 50-500 people
Kibera – Physical Challenges• intense overcrowding and• In Soweto East—the focus of the
Kibera• 70,000 residents live on 52.8
acres.• 2,880 structures in Soweto East
are served• 100 toilets, 50 baths, and no
vehicular infrastructure
Kibera - Challenges
Kibera – Physical Challenges• congested living conditions
profoundly increase health risks and quality of life for residents.
• infectious and skin diseases spread easily and food contamination is common
Kibera – Physical Challenges• burn wood, charcoal and kerosene
indoors for cooking and lighting, which contributes to a high incidence of upper respiratory infection and irritation
• Children play in roads and dump areas for lack of adequate open spaces
Kibera – Environmental Challenges• limited from expanding to the
south and east by the Ngong River and Nairobi Dam, and to the north and west by the rail line to Kisumu
• terrain is hilly and sometimes steep complicates the building process
Kibera – Environmental Challenges• Residential & commercial dumping
of solid waste, human waste, medical waste, and wastewater cause perpetual degradation of the environment and water quality
•
Kibera – Environmental Challenges• Some pit latrines are located
inappropriately close to water sources, causing black water to seep into these sources, while inadequately maintained latrines negatively affect the general environment and community health.
Kibera – Environmental Challenges
Kibera – Economic Challenges• ~3/4 of Kibera’s households earn
less than Kenya 10,000 shillings per month (with avg. 5 people per household) $1 per day
• Housing affordability major challenge to upgrade or redevelop
Kibera – Economic Challenges• fees for water, sanitation,,
electricity or rubbish collection may further burden households.
• Taxation on regularized or legally recognized land or shelter increases financial obligations
Kibera – Upgradingone of the most studied slums in Africai) it sits in the centre of the modern
cityii) UN-HABITAT (UN agency for
human settlement has headquarters near by
Kibera – Upgrading• is undergoing an intensive slum
upgrading• UN-HABITAT, government and
NGOs – Maji na Ufanisi (water and environmental sanitation)
• Improve housing and sanitary conditions
Kibera – Complicationsii) lack of building foundations - ground in much of Kibera- composed of refuse and rubbish• Dwellings are often constructed
atop unstable ground - structures collapse whenever the slum experiences flooding
• even well-constructed buildings often damaged by the collapse of nearby poorly constructed ones
Kibera – Complicationsiii) Topography and cramped sprawl of the area• Few houses have roads and many
are at the bottoms of steep inclines – construction made more difficult and costly - all materials must be brought in by hand.
Kibera – Complications• On Sept. 16th, 2009 - Kenyan
government began a long-term resettlement scheme which will rehouse the people who live in slums in Nairobi
• The clearance of Kibera is expected to take between 2-5 years
Kibera – Complications• entire project expected to take
nine years - will rehouse all the slum residents in the city
• cost $1.2 billion• new communities - planned to
include schools, markets, playgrounds and other facilities
Kibera – Complications• 1,500 people resettled on 16
September 2009 - rehoused in 300 newly constructed apartments with a monthly rent of around $10
Kibera – Complications• legally challenged by more than
80 people• Kenyan High Court has stated that
the government cannot begin demolition works until the case is heard in October but will be able to demolish the homes of people who leave voluntarily before then.
Kibera – Complications• Plaintiffs mixture of middle-class
landlords and Kibera residents - claim land in Kibera is theirs government has no right to demolish the shacks
• Nubian community disappointed with the scheme, and one elder has said that the present housing should be improved instead.
Kibera – Complications• Urban planners criticisms - risks
repeating the mistakes of previous schemes
• poor families either shared two-room apartments with one or two other families to pay the rent
• sublet them to middle-class families and moved back into the slums
Kibera – Complications• There is also controversy over the
timing of the project, with the first phase, rehousing 7,500 people, being delayed by five years and one government official stating that if the project continues at the current pace it will take 1,178 years to complete
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