(kin 2501) chapter three for test 3
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Sport at the College Level
Intercollegiate contests
Variety of sports
Student initiated
Violence
1895 - Beginnings of the NCAA
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Football: A Game for College
Men 1st ever football game: Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869)
More like soccer/rugby than todays FB
Large teams, emphasis on kicking
Private colleges in New England and two men change the
game
Walter Camp (Father of American Football)
11 players on a team
Line of scrimmage Yards and downs
Marking the field
Selecting All American team
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The Popularity and Problems of College Football
Play in first 20 years localized in private New England colleges
Harvard vs Yale first big rivalry
Violent game with many injuries
Popular: lots of spectators
Few rules about who could play/coach
Is this (large-scale spectator athletics) something colleges wanted?
Is football too violent?
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Football drives college sports to organize
1) Faculty committees formed to oversee
athletics
property damage injuries
gambling control
2) League of IV (1st college athletic conference)
Otherconferences
3) Rules put into play to govern college athletics
university/faculty control
eligibility to play/coach
academic standards to play
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Football Spreads and Addresses Violence
By late 1800s, FB spread throughout the US
Michigan, Illinois, Chicago, California, Texas A&M, LSU, Tulane, Ole
Miss, HBCUs
Rose Bowl (1902)
President Theodore Roosevelt
Meeting of universities with FB (1906)
60 colleges meet (1910), form Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc
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Football Rules Committees Solution to Reduce
Injuries
1906 meeting
Amos Alonzo Stagg -attended Yale and studied
religion to be minister, excelled in baseball
and football, worked as coachForward pass
However, passing was not used much. Why? fat football (hard to throw)
Rules made it a high risk play
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Amos Alonzo Stagg
Built winning program at the
Univ of Chicago
Controversial innovator
tackling dummies
scrimmage games
numbers on jerseysathletic dorm
trickery on offense
recruiting
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Tennis
Mary Outerbridge- saw British officers
play tennis in Bermuda and brought it
back to US James Dwight- father of American
tennis
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Tennis: A Game for Ladies
and Gentlemen
Indoor paddleball game played by European nobility(jeu de paume, tennez)
1873 - Major Walter Wingfield moves it outside(Sphairistike)
Played by British military officers and wealthy
Tennis comes to the US
Mary Outerbridge Staten Island Cricket and Base
Ball Club James Dwight (Father of American Tennis)
Odd court and 15-point scoring system
1881 US National Lawn Tennis Championships
Dwight Davis and the Davis Cup- organizedcompetition between England and US, still play
today
http://www.shoppbs.org/product/index.jsp?productId=1901799&cp&keywords=jack+johnson&searchId=10385409787&parentPage=search -
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Beginning of Modern Olympics
1896 1st modern Olympics
1st marathon
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International sport competitionThe start of the Modern Olympics (1896)
Pierre de Coubertin
The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not towin but to take part, just as the most important thing in life
is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing isnot to have conquered but to have fought well
Athens Greece
All male
7 sports (track & field, swimming, gymnastics, cycling,fencing, shooting, tennis)
8 countries (Greece, England, France, Germany, Denmark,Hungary, Switzerland, USA)
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James Connolly (triple jump)- first event
Bob Garrett (discus, shotput)- second
event
First marathon (26.1 miles)- derived from
Greek history. When Greek army
defeated the Persians in a place called
Marathon. Greek soldier called
Philipidies, and ordered to run to telleveryone they defeated Persians. He
ran and then died.
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The next few Olympics
Not a world-
wide important
event
Increase in
number of
athletes and
sports
Dependent on
location
1900: Paris Held at Worlds Fair
1904: St Louis Considered failures
1908: London
Special complex constructed for Olympics
Athletes entered stadium as teams
Began to be considered more of an important
international sporting event.
British-American confrontations (led to changes in
management of events).
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1912 Olympics (Stockholm)
28 countries
2500 athletes
Smoothly run
Serious but friendly competition
Evidence ofselection and
coaching of national teams
Women swim
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Jim ThorpeJim Thorpe Documentary - Part Two (You Tube)
Most significant athlete during the
Reconstruction Turn of the Century era
American Indian Jim Thorpe Wa-Tho-Huk translated to bright
path
Discovered by Pop Warner (high school fb
coach)
1912 Olympics won both pentathlon and
decathlon
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Physical activity programs in
the schools By 1900 public institutions for boys and
girls were established
German immigrants:
- Turnvater Jahn (Father of Gymnastics)- Charles Follen Harvard-first gym
- Charles Beck - Round Hill school- Francis Lieber - Boston Gymnasium & first swimming pool
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The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US
(1) German Immigrants take the Lead
The start of school Physical Education
Round Hill School, Northhampton, MA, 1823
Fitness-based rationale
Charles Beck (hired to teach Latin & gymnastics)
The emergence ofTurner Societies
German immigrants in Mass and NY bring gymnastics to the US,form exercise groups
Gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums Charles Follen Follower of Jahn and friend of Beck
Hired to teach German at Harvard
Opens turnplatz there, introduces German Gymnastics to Harvardstudents
Boston opens first public gymnasium in US, hires Follen to run it
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Catharine Beecher
Teacher at colleges for women (female seminaries)
Teaches her students calisthenics
Promotes exercise for women
Connects exercise to religious responsibility
YMCA
YMCAs open in cities
Appeal to youth through sport and exercise Mind body spirit motto
Through exercise and sport, youth can learn values, and
hear the Christian word
The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US
(2) Muscular Christianity emerges as first fitness rationale
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P.E. and Higher Education
1810: Georgetown University (VA) established
1st college to construct recreational areas for students
1825-1830s: other universities followed and built gymnasiums
for recreation
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School-based PE and YMCA programs create PE/fitness careers
Dio Lewis (homeopathic physician)
Public speaker, fitness promoter, exercise leader Exercise classes using beanbags, dumbbells, calisthenics
1861: Opens Boston Normal Institute for PE (Boston)
(preparation of PE teachers)
Amherst College (MA)
Department of Hygiene and Physical Education
Edward Hitchcock, MD as first faculty member
Exercising to music, calisthenics with light dumbbells
The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US
Physicians lead college PE programs
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Battle of the Systems
Dioclesian Lewis - new gymnastics
German system -
Swedish system - Pehr Ling
Edward Hitchcock - Amherst College
Dudley Sargent - Harvard- Hemenway
gymnasium
Luther Gulick - Muscular Christianity
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The American System
Economic, technological and
sociological events
The quest for the good life
Civil rights > human rights
Required physical education
Community sports program
President Theodore Roosevelt
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The American System
Pragmatism - play was a part of the
democratic process
New physical education - stressed thewhole individual rather then just a
healthy body
Teacher training programs
Research in the field
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A Changing Society
Factors affecting the American system
Conflicting philosophies
Societal changes
Purpose of physical education/activity
Train and develop the body
Develop the whole person
Education for leisure
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Racial Barriers
Early 1900s - boxing & horseracing
Negro leagues
1946 - Branch Richey - Jackie Robinson
Civil Rights movement
1968 - Mexico Olympics
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Youth Sport Programs
Educators & religious leaders supported
health and social values
YMCAs
Boys Club
Pee Wee leagues
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Gender Equity& Disabilities
Title IX - 1972 - no person could be
excluded from any program receiving
federal money Coed PE classes
PL 94-142 - 1975 - PE made available
to every child regardless of disabilityAmateur Sports Act - 1978 USOC
create programs for disabled
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Women in Sport
Victorian attitudes
Physical concerns
Popular sports
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The End of the Century
Physical Education on the decline
Relevancy and value
Physical Education and athletics
Image of athletics (professional &
amateur)
Is sport a reflection of society or is
society a reflection of sport?
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