knowledge for ecosystem based management
Post on 17-Jan-2017
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@DickeyCollas
Providing the knowledge forecosystem based management.
Mark Dickey-Collas
Names & definitions
Inspired by Jason Link
EM
IEAIM
IOM
MSP
CMSP
CZM
EBFM
EBM
EAM
EAFM
EA
Balancing humanactivities & environmentalstewardship in a multiple use context
Pragmatic Ecosystem Based Management
Knowledge a familiarity, awareness or understanding
Assessment of everything? Understand everything?
Reality - assessment of priorities
Adrian Judd, OSPAR Intersessional Correspondence Group Cumulative Effects Assessment
Adapted from Voss & Schmidt
Applied science - wicked problems
Rittel & Webber 1973, Churchman 1976
Super wicked problems
1. Time is running out2. No central authority3. Those seeking to solve the
problem are also causing it4. Policies discount the future
irrationally
Why use ecosystem approach?
• Political need – international and national commitments• Operational benefits - trade-offs explicit, ownership of
process, spectrum of approaches able to adapt to complex challenges
Image: ICES
Higher order objectives for the marine system?
Icelandon route: Preservation of ecosystems & sustainable exploitation of resources
NorwayGood ecosystem health & sustainable use Regional MPs
EUGood EnvironmentalStatus, MSFD
CanadaNone
USANo butmany mandates Foran et al 2016
Envisioning objectives
Trenkel et al. 2015. Identifying marine pelagic ecosystem management objectives and indicators.
Partnership: fishing industry, scientists, eNGOs, policy developers
Trade offs & objectives – conservation & resource management
Conceptual model of the Pacific herring social–ecological system.
Levin et al 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ehs2.1213/full#ehs21213-fig-0001
Just and safeoperating space
Scoping stakeholders
The clearer the scope, the better the outcome
Voinov et al. 2016
Adaptive & revisiting
Co-production of knowledge
How best to provide knowledge to reach/reconcile objectives?
I’ve got a tool, and I’m going to use it!
What’s the question?
Are we geared up to address applied questions?
Impossible to achieve realism, precision, and generality in one model.
Model creation requires trade-off of one of these, often conflicts with the desire of end-users.
Models are often employed without consideration of their limitations, e.g. projecting into unknown space without generalism, or fitting empirical models and inferring causality.
Dickey-Collas et al. 2014. Hazard warning: model misuse ahead.
Veracity of evidence
Mixing evidence of differing integrity, sources & certainty
MORE THAN
Uusitalo et al. 2016. Exploring methods for predicting multiple pressures on ecosystem recovery.
Knowledge creation
Framework for interdisciplinary & transdisciplinary co-creation of the knowledge castle
Mauser et al. 2013
Engaging with society
Resource greedy &
messy
Society sets objectives…
Rice 2011
EU marine strategy framework directive
Images: EU & ICES
Indicators for management
Miloslavich, et al., GOOS Biol EOV http://ioc-goos.org/biology
Strong causal links between human activity creating pressures & changes in ecosystem state
DPSIR / APSR
Gimpel et al., 2013; Knights et al., 2013Greenstreet et al., 2009; Reiss et al., 2010
Setting reference points
Pressure indicatorStat
e in
dica
tor
good
bad0 high
maximum
?
other information needed to define acceptable pressure→metric
max change of slope
unsuitable indicator
From Trenkel et al., and similar to Samhouri et al 2010
Not always so clear …
Policy objective set but:
1. insufficient evidence to define targets & formal state assessment
2. links to anthropogenic pressures are either weak or not sufficiently
understood to underpin specific management advice
Shephard et al 2015
Photo: Icelandic Wilderness
Survelliance indicators
Shephard et al. 2015. Surveillance indicators and their use in implementation of the MSFD
take actioncheck pressuresreview knowledge
take actioncheck pressuresreview knowledge
Priorities for EBFM, list of 26
Science Literature Fishing industry
1 Consider Ecosystem Connections Sustainability
2 Appropriate Spatial & Temporal Scales Develop Long -Term Objectives
3 Adaptive Management Stakeholder Involvement
4 Use of Scientific Knowledge Use of All Forms of Knowledge
5 Stakeholder Involvement Use of Incentives
6 Integrated Management Consider Economic Context
7 Sustainability Acknowledge Uncertainty
Long et al. 2016. Key principles of ecosystem-based management: Fishers perspective
Researchers are people too
Bounded rationality in decision making
rationality of individuals is limited by information they have, cognitive limitations of their minds, & finite amount oftime they have to make a decision.
Image: tellthemisaidsomething.com/2013/
Reconciling objectivesNatural scientists nearly always suggest to use weighting
Dynamics of power & locations of decision making
What is ICES?
• Intergovernmental science organization• 20 countries collaborating to improve
marine science• Network of over 4000 active research
scientists• North Atlantic focus
ICES provides the knowledge/evidence for decision making.
“information, knowledge, and advice on the sustainable management of human activities affecting, and affected by, marine ecosystems.”
Building knowledge for advice
InformationICES data centre
UnderstandingICES science
Advice for managementICES advice
Application of evidence base
Consequences of catching fish on its own stock &management targets
Impacts of fishing on ecosystem,descriptions and targets
Consideration of priority pressureson ecosystem structure & function and consequences for societyICES Advice
CATC
H OP
PORT
UNIT
IES
Eastern Baltic cod
recr
uitm
ent c
hang
es
North East Atlantic mackerel
↘weight, ↗ maturity
North Sea herring productivity
FISH
ERIE
S OV
ERVI
EWS
Worm et al 2009
Conservation & fisheries objectives
FISH
ERIE
S OV
ERVI
EWS Conservation & fisheries objectives
bycatch mixed fisheries
fleet descriptions ecosystem impacts
ECOS
YSTE
M O
VERV
IEW
http://www.ices.dk/community/advisory-process/Pages/Ecosystem-overviews.aspx
Workshop January 2016Explored strengths & weaknesses of recent implementation of Ecosystem Based Management, focused on challengesfor cross sectoral approaches.
Marshak et al. 2016. International perceptions of an integrated, multi-sectoral EAM.
Ingredients for success in EBM
• Develop frameworks for implementation • Acknowledge power of/ownership between sectors • Trade-offs • Use whatever governance mandate exist • Find a honest champion• Use momentum but temper expectations
8 tenets for scientists, policy-makers, and managers (i) engage with players early, often, and continually;
(ii) conduct rigorous human dimensions research;
(iii) recognize the importance of transparently selecting indicators;
(iv) set ecosystem targets to create a system of EBM accountability;
(v) establish a formal mechanism(s) for the review of IEA science;
(vi) serve current management needs, but not at the expense of more integrative ocean management;
(vii) provide a venue for EBM decision-making that takes full advantage of IEA products;
(viii) embrace realistic expectations about IEA science and its implementation.
Photo: Icelandic Wilderness
Samhouri et al 2014
For EBM, how we develop & provide the knowledge is as important as the knowledge itself.
As they leave the science closet, knowledge brokers need to be aware &empathetic to the arena they are entering.
Providing the knowledge for ecosystem based management
Thank you!
Picture: Icelandic Wilderness
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