knowledge management & enterprise modelling: a complementary review
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT &
ENTERPRISE MODELLING: A COMPLEMENTARY
REVIEW
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I. Introduction
II. Knowledge Management (KM)
III. Enterprise Modelling (EM)
IV. Comparative Analysis
V. The role of EM in KM
VI. Conclusion and perspective
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Introduction – General Context• There is an increased recognition that the
competitive advantage of firms depends on their ability to create, transfer, utilize and protect difficult-to-imitate knowledge assets (Teece, 2000).
• Recently, management scholars consider knowledge and the capability to create and utilize knowledge to be the most important source of a firm's sustainable competitive advantage (Nonaka, 2000).
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• 1-The organizations exist to deal with the complexity.• 2-Knowledge and knowledge management phenomena are
naturally too dynamic and ambiguous.
• A- Necessary to implementing an integrated view of KM in organizations.
• B- Need to have a good understanding of current state of organization.
• The Enterprise Modelling Techniques are to design and deal with understanding and modelling the current state of each organization.
• EM is an important tools for KM (more especially in implementation of KM projects) that allows explicating of informal knowledge into formal knowledge
Some Statements of our work
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Knowledge Management
Knowledge, Data, Information
Knowledge Taxonomy
KM Process
KM Definition
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Knowledge, Data, Information Data can be classified as facts, raw numbers,
images, words, and sounds derived from observation or measurement out of context that are therefore, not directly meaningful (Zack, 1999).
Information results from placing data into some meaningful context and patterns.
knowledge is about beliefs, commitment, perspectives, intention and action (Nonaka, 1994) and so as a justified true belief (Polanyi, 1958)
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Knowledge Taxonomy Tacit Knowledge
Explicit Knowledge
Factors Tacit Explicit
Transferability Hard, Slow , Costly and Uncertain
More Easy
Nature, Type Knowing How Knowing About
Subjective Objective
Procedural Declarative
Revealed by Application Communication
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KM Process A) Socialization, Externalization,
Combination, and Internalization. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995)
B) Knowledge Generation (Creation and Acquisition), Knowledge Codification (Storing), Knowledge Transfer (Sharing), and Knowledge Application (Use). Davenport and Prusak (1998), Alavi and Leidner (2001)
C) Production + Integration + Application
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KM definition
The Deliberate and Systematic Coordination of an organization’s People, Processes, Technology, and Structure in order to Add Value through Reuse and Innovation.
This coordination is achieved through Production, Integration and Application of Knowledge as well as through feeding the valuable Lessons Learned and Best Practices into Corporate Memory in order to foster Continued Organizational Learning.
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Problematic of KM KM as a Project
The needs to have an integrated and systemic methodology with a life cycle;
KM as a Process Organizational levels, structure, culture, and management should
be Knowledge oriented; So how we can prepare these infrastructure? How must be the change management from AS-IS to TO-BE? How we can select and then apply the tools that were presented
in KMS?
So for each problematic question we will try to answer by studying and using the EM languages and techniques.
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Enterprise Modelling
• Understanding or explaining an existing situation
• Realizing and then validating a conceived project.
•Externalizing enterprise knowledge
Enterprise modelling aims to formalize the
Whole or part of an enterprise with the
purpose of:
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A model is always built on the basis of a language that is either: • Abstract (natural language) • Semi-formal (language with graphic formalism)
• Formal (mathematical language)
Models based on an abstract language:• describe an existing situation
Models based on a formal language:• allow the checking of the properties designed in a
given project
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Problematic of EM 1) The needs to reinforce and enhance theoric basis
of EM specially in reference models to encounter with Knowledge economy.
2) The needs to considering and then modelling Tacit Knowledge in modeling languages
3) The importance to have an Corporate Memory that includes Knowledge gathering from different modeling view, to use them.
We based our study to research, and develop the potential roles of KM in these research questions.
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Framework of our study 1) To compare two Notions systematically;
2) To Define and recategorize the semantic process of Knowledge creation;
3) To investigate and evaluate the potential roles of EM in KM;
4) To determine and then realize the potential roles of KM in EM;
5) To Propose a methodology that encompass an integrated approach to KM by using EM tools; and
6) To apply and then validate the proposed methodology in a real industrial case.
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Comparative Analyze
Conceptual and theoretical approach
Project approach
Organizational approach
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Conceptual and theoretical approachComparative
Factors Knowledge Management Enterprise Modelling
Philosophical approach
Positivist (objectivity)
Interpretive (subjectivity)
Positivist
Origin and root Economic, Business and IT/IS Production and Automation, IT/IS
Objective Develop Ethic Growth Ethic
Type of knowledge considered
Tacit and Explicit More Explicit but a little Tacit
Underline theory Resource-based view of the firms
Organizational Learning theory
Information systems theory
Production and process management
Systems and Decision systems theory
Information systems theory
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Project approachComparative
Factors Knowledge Management Enterprise Modelling
Framework and strategy
Not a unified and popularity accepted holistic and microscopic model because of diverse approach to KM
Several validated model and framework from holistic to microscopic
Implementation Methodology
Several sophisticated methods were presented from different viewpoints
Several sophisticated methods were presented from different viewpoints
System approach Not very practical consideration Practical consideration
Life cycle KM life cycle proposed but not clearly designed
EM life cycle accurately designed
Critical success factors
Strategy and Leadership
Motivation and Performance
Communication and Collaboration
Leadership Commitment Participative Esprit
Measurement systems
Exist in several different frameworks Exist in different frameworks
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Organizational approachComparative Factors Knowledge
Management Enterprise Modelling
Enablers (context) Culture, structure, people, IT
IT, people
Roles and responsibilities
Clear role by considering CKO in MIS or HRM department
Not very clear position but role is in MIS, strategic management or quality department
Managerial and leadership factors
Very essential Essential
Organizational structure Considered and some propositions
Considered but not proposition of new form
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The roles of EM in KM Decision making
Four problem of Knowledge processing
Knowledge Problem
Description Requirement
ComplexityToo many situational elements and relationships to
coordinate or consider simultaneouslySimplify
UncertaintyInsufficient factual information about the goal, situation or
task, and some lack of confidence in the consequent inferences, estimates or predictions required
Certify
AmbiguityInadequate knowledge (patterns/concepts) about, no explanation for, or understanding of a goal, situation or
taskClarify
Equivocality Multiple interpretations of a goal, situation or task Unify
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ConclusionIn this paper we argued:
The context in which the modern organization acts ( knowledge economy)
The need to understand the enterprises and organisation as complex systems.
In the Enterprise modelling field, based on multi approach view, the information and knowledge from several unit by several point of view can be gathered and then facilitate a better understanding of current stand of enterprises.
Some basic concepts in KM
A comparative analyze of two discipline with a meta review
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Perspectives Future research: To Use the EM tools and approach in detail to
facilitate the KM implementation; To apply the theoretical basis of KM to enhance the
reference models of EM; By Regarding the Knowledge Taxonomy, To apply
EM in order to model Tacit Knowledge and difficult to imitate resources; and
To Propose and to apply an integrated methodology and framework to implementing KM approach and then going toward Knowledge based view of the firms.
Questions
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