knr 365 pharmacology. pharmacology defined the study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and...

KNR 365Pharmacology

Pharmacology Defined• The study of drugs, their sources, their nature, and

their properties. Pharmacology is the study of the body's reaction to drugs.

• Why important for TR/RT?– Impact on interventions– Team discussions– Administration

Names• Drugs may have 4 names

– Trademark name– Official name– Chemical name– Generic name

Routes of Administration• Oral (PO)

– Must withstand acidic environment of stomach– Must permeate the gut lining before entering the

blood stream• Sublingual

– Absorbed under the tongue– Stomach is bypassed

Routes of Administration• Rectal (PR)

– Unconscious or vomiting or small children– Absorption is unreliable

• Inhalation– Rapid absorption– Some in devices with metered doses

Routes of Administration• Topical

– Used for local delivery– Used if toxic effects if administered systematically

• Transdermal– Patch– Drugs seeps out through skin and capillary bed

Routes of Administration• Intravenous (IV)

– Injected directly into blood stream– Rapid action

• Intramuscular (IM)– Passes through capillary walls to enter blood

stream• Subcutaneous

– Injected beneath the skin

Based on research• Efficacy

– Degree drug is able to induce maximal effects– Drug A vs. drug B

• Potency– Amount of drug needed to produce 50% of

maximal response– Morphine more potent than codeine

Drug Interactions• Altered absorptions

– Antiulcer drugs coasts stomach may decrease GI absorption of other drugs

• Altered metabolism• Altered excretion

– Drugs may act on kidneys

Other terms• Tolerance

– Decreased response to a drug– Drug must be increased to get same effect

• Dependence– Needs a drug to function normally– Cessation produces withdrawal symptoms– Physical or psychological

• Withdrawal– When drug is no longer given to dependent person– Opposite effects of drug

Importance of Patient Profile• Age (infants, elderly)• Pregnancy or nursing• Smoking and drinking habits

– Lower than expected drug concentration– Drug reaches toxic concentrations

• Liver or kidney disease (common in geriatric population)– Failing kidneys excrete fewer drug– Failing livers metabolize drugs poorly

Importance of Patient Profile• Pharmacogenetics

– Genetic differences between patients• Drug interactions• Psychosocial factors

– Poor patient compliance– Cost – Ease of administration– Dose schedule

• Olson, 2011

Austin, 2009 chpt 10• Diabetes• Seizures• Psychotropic drugs

WebMDhttp://www.webmd.com/

• Health conditions• Drugs & supplements

– Medications• Warning, Uses, Side Effects, Interaction, Overdose

– Supplements• Symptom checker• WebMD for Android, iPhone, & iPad (Free)

Practice• Use Olson to find definition of COPD and medications• Use WebMD to find definition and treatment

– Compare/contrast both sources• Use WebMD to find Atrovent Inhl

– What is it used for?– What are the side effects & interactions?

• What if the client is using Lisinopril Oral? (what is this for?)– Uses, side effects, precautions, interactions

• What if the client is using Glucosamine Oral? (what is this for?)– Uses, side effects, precautions, interactions

• What medication is 5 sided and peach color?