kuliah mikropangan 2010 food borne host microbe interactions 1
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Host Microbe InteractionsHost Microbe Interactions
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Host Microbe InteractionsHost Microbe Interactions
daily wedaily we
– ingest thousands of microorganisms on the food weingest thousands of microorganisms on the food we
eateat
– inhale hundreds of thousands of microorganisms ininhale hundreds of thousands of microorganisms inthe air we breaththe air we breath
– have microorganisms stick to us wherever we gohave microorganisms stick to us wherever we go
most of these invaders have no ill effect on us as wemost of these invaders have no ill effect on us as we
slough, cough, gag, urinate and defecate them awayslough, cough, gag, urinate and defecate them awaywe are also protected by the “friendly” residentwe are also protected by the “friendly” resident
microorganisms found throughout our bodymicroorganisms found throughout our body
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Host Microbe InteractionsHost Microbe Interactions
microorganisms very easily colonize the warm, moist,microorganisms very easily colonize the warm, moist,
nutrient rich environment we call the human bodynutrient rich environment we call the human body
– usually they live as normal florausually they live as normal flora
– in some cases, they are able to overcome the bodiesin some cases, they are able to overcome the bodies
defenses, and cause diseasedefenses, and cause disease
– organisms that can cause any noticeable damage,organisms that can cause any noticeable damage,invade tissue, or produce toins are called pathogensinvade tissue, or produce toins are called pathogens
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!igestive "ystem Infections!igestive "ystem Infections
"ometimes referred to"ometimes referred toas theas the gastrointestinalgastrointestinaltracttract
#assageway running#assageway runningfrom mouth to anusfrom mouth to anus
Ma$or route of microbialMa$or route of microbialinvasioninvasion
!ivided into upper and!ivided into upper andlower tractslower tracts
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• The intestinal tract is slightly acidic to neutral and supportsa diverse population of microorganisms in a variety ofnutritional and environmental conditions.
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%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
Important in protecting body from invasionImportant in protecting body from invasion
&lora of digestive tract mainly found in the oral cavity&lora of digestive tract mainly found in the oral cavity
and intestinesand intestines
– 'sophagus has very little flora'sophagus has very little flora – %ormal stomach is devoid of microorganisms%ormal stomach is devoid of microorganisms
(illed by stomach acid(illed by stomach acid
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) *he presence of a population of normal*he presence of a population of normal
nonpathogenic microorganisms in thenonpathogenic microorganisms in the
respiratory tract and urogenital tract is essentialrespiratory tract and urogenital tract is essential
for normal organ function and often preventsfor normal organ function and often preventsthe colonization of pathogens+the colonization of pathogens+
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) In theIn the upper respiratory tractupper respiratory tract nasopharyn,nasopharyn,
oral cavity, and throat-, microorganisms live inoral cavity, and throat-, microorganisms live in
areas bathed with the secretions of the mucousareas bathed with the secretions of the mucousmembranes+membranes+
)*he normal lower respiratory tract trachea,
bronchi, and lungs- has no resident microflora,
despite the large numbers of organisms
potentially able to reach this region during
breathing+
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%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
MouthMouth
– .elatively few species colonize oral cavity.elatively few species colonize oral cavity
"treptococcal"treptococcal species most commonspecies most common
– Host limits number of bacteria on mucus membranesHost limits number of bacteria on mucus membranesMembrane cells constantly sheddingMembrane cells constantly shedding
– *eeth are nonshedding surface*eeth are nonshedding surface
/arge numbers of bacteria can collect and form/arge numbers of bacteria can collect and form biofilmbiofilm
– Masses of bacteria termed dental pla0ueMasses of bacteria termed dental pla0ue
122 billion bacteria per gram of pla0ue122 billion bacteria per gram of pla0ue
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IntestinesIntestines
– "mall number of bacteria colonize upper small intestine"mall number of bacteria colonize upper small intestine#redominant organisms are aerobic and facultative 3ram#redominant organisms are aerobic and facultative 3ramnegative bacilli and some streptococcinegative bacilli and some streptococci
– /arge intestine contains very high numbers of organisms/arge intestine contains very high numbers of organisms 4pproimately 4pproimately 12121111 bacteria per gram of fecesbacteria per gram of feces
– *hat is 122 billion bacteria55555*hat is 122 billion bacteria55555
High population is due to abundance of nutrients in fecesHigh population is due to abundance of nutrients in feces) Escherichia coli Escherichia coli and other enterobacteriaand other enterobacteria predominate bacterialpredominate bacterial
populationpopulation – Important source of opportunistic infectionsImportant source of opportunistic infections
'specially of the urinary tract'specially of the urinary tract
– %ormal intestinal flora prevent pathogenic colonization of%ormal intestinal flora prevent pathogenic colonization oflarge intestinelarge intestine
%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
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4natomical 6arriers 4natomical 6arriers
in addition to providing barriers to the microbial world,in addition to providing barriers to the microbial world,skin and mucous membranes also create anskin and mucous membranes also create an
environment for interacting microorganisms and theenvironment for interacting microorganisms and thehuman bodyhuman body
these interactions are referred to as symbiosis, whichthese interactions are referred to as symbiosis, whichmeans living together means living together
– the players in symbiosis are referred to as symbiontsthe players in symbiosis are referred to as symbionts
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4natomical 6arriers 4natomical 6arriers
symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and asymbiotic relationships between microorganisms and ahost includehost include
– mutualismmutualism
– commensalismcommensalism
– parasitismparasitism
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MutualismMutualism
in this type of relationship, both partners benefitin this type of relationship, both partners benefit
– E. coli E. coli synthesizes vitamin ( in the intestinesynthesizes vitamin ( in the intestine
– in echange the large intestine provides nutrientsin echange the large intestine provides nutrients
necessary for survival of the microorganismsnecessary for survival of the microorganisms
E. coli E. coli
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7ommensalism7ommensalism
one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected byone organism is benefited and the other is unaffected by
this type of relationshipthis type of relationship
– many of the microorganisms that make up our normalmany of the microorganisms that make up our normal
flora inhabit places like the eyes, ears, and eternalflora inhabit places like the eyes, ears, and eternal
genitaliagenitalia
these bacteria live on secretions and sloughed offthese bacteria live on secretions and sloughed off
cellscells
they bring no benefit to the host and yet thethey bring no benefit to the host and yet the
microorganisms benefit greatly from themicroorganisms benefit greatly from the
environment they inhabitenvironment they inhabit
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#arasitism#arasitism
one organism benefits at the epense of the other one organism benefits at the epense of the other
– all pathogens are parasitesall pathogens are parasites
parasitic microorganisms
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%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
the presence of normal florathe presence of normal flora
– cover potential adherence sites for invadingcover potential adherence sites for invading
microorganismsmicroorganisms
– consume the available nutrientsconsume the available nutrients – produce compounds toic to other microorganismsproduce compounds toic to other microorganisms
bacteria found on skin
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%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
when the balance between normal flora andwhen the balance between normal flora and
pathogens is upset, disease can resultpathogens is upset, disease can result
– the normal bacterial microorganisms of the adultthe normal bacterial microorganisms of the adult
human vagina maintain the pH at about 8+9 – 9+:human vagina maintain the pH at about 8+9 – 9+:
– the presence of this normal flora inhibits thethe presence of this normal flora inhibits the
overgrowth ofovergrowth of Candida albicansCandida albicans, yeast, yeast
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%ormal &lora%ormal &lora
– if the presence of the normal flora is eliminated byif the presence of the normal flora is eliminated by
antibiotics, or ecessive douching, the pH of theantibiotics, or ecessive douching, the pH of the
vagina becomes nearly neutral, creating anvagina becomes nearly neutral, creating an
environment very conducive to the growth ofenvironment very conducive to the growth of C.C.
albicansalbicans
C. albicans
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&oodborne pathogens
It can be classified into three forms;
foodborne intoxication
foodborne infection
foodborne toxicoinfection
&ood
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&ood #athogens&ood #athogenswww.textbookofbacteriology.netwww.textbookofbacteriology.net
Todar's Online Textbook of BacteriologyTodar's Online Textbook of BacteriologyMicrorganisms that cause food borne infection orMicrorganisms that cause food borne infection or
intoication;intoication;
SalmonellaBotulinum
E.coli
ListeriaCampylobacter
Stapylococci
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&oodborne Intoication&oodborne Intoication
illness from microbial eotoinillness from microbial eotoin
– microorganism does not cause the illness, the toinmicroorganism does not cause the illness, the toin
released by the microorganism doesreleased by the microorganism does
common eotoin producing microorganismscommon eotoin producing microorganisms
– Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus
– Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
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Toxic bacterial food poisoning
some bacteria grow in food and produce atoin within the food which is then consumed
e+g+ Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus
aureus+ ?hen the food is consumed viable
cells of the bacteria do not need to be
present+
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&ollowing ingestion, *oins are absorbed through
the gastrointestinal epithelial lining and cause
local tissue damage and may induce inflammationresulting in diarrhea or vomiting+
In some cases, toins are translocated to distant
organs or tissues such as liver, kidney, peripheral,or central nervous system where they can cause
damage+
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*oins*oins
Some bacteria release poisons known astoxins which cause food poisoning.
Some toxins, known as exotoxins multiply in
food. These toxins are not easily destroyedby cooking and may remain in food oncethey have developed.
Other bacteria produce toxins inside thehuman body only after the food has beeneaten. These are called endotoxins
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*oins
"ubstances that contribute to pathogenicity
Exotoxins are secreted out of the cell during cell life+
Endotoxins from inside the cell+ .eleased upon
cell lysis+
*oemia #resence of toin the host@s blood
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'otoins'otoins
eotoins are soluble in body fluids which makes themeotoins are soluble in body fluids which makes them
easily diffused into blood and then are rapidlyeasily diffused into blood and then are rapidly
transported throughout the bodytransported throughout the body
eotoins work by destroying particular parts of the hosteotoins work by destroying particular parts of the host
cells or by inhibiting certain metabolic functionscells or by inhibiting certain metabolic functions
soluble protein, thus readily carried throughbody by lymphatics or blood
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'otoins'otoinseotoins are highly specificeotoins are highly specific
eotoins are among the most lethal substances knowneotoins are among the most lethal substances known
to manto man
– 1 gram of the eotoin produced from1 gram of the eotoin produced from ClostridiumClostridium
botulinumbotulinum
is capable of killing the entire population ofis capable of killing the entire population of
the Anited "tates, close to 822 million peoplethe Anited "tates, close to 822 million people
the danger with eotoinsthe danger with eotoins is notis not the ingestion of thethe ingestion of the
bacterium, but the ingestion of the toinbacterium, but the ingestion of the toin
Clostricium botulinum
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'otoins'otoins
most eotoins are grouped according to the tissuesmost eotoins are grouped according to the tissues
they adversely impactthey adversely impact
– neurotoins damage the nervous systemneurotoins damage the nervous system
–entereotoins upset the intestinal systementereotoins upset the intestinal system
– cytotoins afflict their damage on many different typescytotoins afflict their damage on many different types
of cells by disrupting cellular function of by lysing theof cells by disrupting cellular function of by lysing the
cellcell
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'otoins
Figure 15.4a
Mostly seen in Gram (+
!acteria
Most gene that code for
e"oto"ins are located on
plasmids or phages
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'otoin
'otoin
"ource Mostly 3ram B
Metabolic product 6y
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1+ Cytotoxins
– kill cellsF+ "eurotoxins
– interfere with normal nerveimpulses
8+ Enterotoxins
– effect cells lining the 3+I+ *ract
Many toins have 4
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'otoins'otoins
'otoins'otoins < soluble, heat
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Membrane
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6 t li t i i t f
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) 6otulinum toin consists of seven
related toins that are the most potent
biological toins known igure ().(*-+
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EnterotoxinsEnterotoxins) EnterotoxinsEnterotoxins are eotoins that specificallyare eotoins that specificallyaffect the small intestine, causing changes inaffect the small intestine, causing changes in
intestinal permeability that lead to diarrhea+intestinal permeability that lead to diarrhea+
) Many enteric pathogens colonize thesmall intestine and produce 4
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) *he action of cholera enterotoin isshown in igure ().((+
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& db I f ti& db I f ti
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&oodborne Infection&oodborne Infection
re0uires consumption of microorganismre0uires consumption of microorganism
symptomatic about 1 day following ingestion ofsymptomatic about 1 day following ingestion ofcontaminated foodcontaminated food
common foodborne infecting microorganismscommon foodborne infecting microorganisms
– SalmonellaSalmonella andand Campylobacter Campylobacter
poultry product infectionspoultry product infections
– Escherichia coli Escherichia coli 21:;H21:;H
undercooked hamburger undercooked hamburger
7ampylobacter "almonella
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!nfecti+e bacterial food poisoning
infections occur when pathogens are ingestedvia contaminated food and the bacteria is
established in the body, usually growing inside
the intestinal tract and irritating intestines e+g+
Salmonella spp+ and Campylobacter jejuni +
*he infection may involve subse0uent growth
in other tissues
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#rinciples of Infectious !isease#rinciples of Infectious !isease
a parasitic relationship between a microorganism and aa parasitic relationship between a microorganism and a
host is called an infectionhost is called an infection
– infections can be subclinical or inapparent; meaninginfections can be subclinical or inapparent; meaning
no symptoms or the symptoms are so mild as to beno symptoms or the symptoms are so mild as to be
noticednoticed
infection that causes impairment of body function isinfection that causes impairment of body function is
called diseasecalled disease
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#rinciples of Infectious !isease#rinciples of Infectious !isease
patogenicitypatogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to causeis the ability of a microorganism to cause
disease by overcoming the host defensesdisease by overcoming the host defenses
)#athogen invasion starts at the site of adherence andmay spread throughout the host via the circulatory
systems+
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&actors Impacting =utcome of&actors Impacting =utcome of
Host
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) #athogens gain access to host#athogens gain access to host
tissues by adherence to mucosaltissues by adherence to mucosal
surfaces through interactionssurfaces through interactionsbetween pathogen and hostbetween pathogen and host
macromolecules+macromolecules+
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Coloni,ation and -rowtColoni,ation and -rowt
) 4 pathogen must gain access to nutrients and 4 pathogen must gain access to nutrients and
appropriate growth conditions beforeappropriate growth conditions before
coloni,ationcoloni,ation and growth in substantialand growth in substantialnumbers in host tissue can occur+ =rganismsnumbers in host tissue can occur+ =rganisms
may grow locally at the site of invasion or maymay grow locally at the site of invasion or may
spread through the body+spread through the body+
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) If etensive bacterial growth in tissues occurs,If etensive bacterial growth in tissues occurs,
some of the organisms are usually shed into thesome of the organisms are usually shed into the
bloodstream in large numbers, a conditionbloodstream in large numbers, a condition
calledcalled bacteremiabacteremia++
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"higellosis"higellosis
#athogenesis#athogenesis
– S. dysenteriaeS. dysenteriae
.arely encountered.arely encountered
in Anited "tatesin Anited "tates
#roduces potent#roduces potent 4
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Helicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pylori 3astritis3astritis
#athogenesis#athogenesis
– 6acteria6acteria survivesurvive
etreme acidityetreme acidity ofof
the stomachthe stomach
4ble to neutralize 4ble to neutralize
environmentenvironment
– =rganism uses=rganism uses
flagella to corkscrewflagella to corkscrew
through mucosalthrough mucosallininglining
– InflammatoryInflammatory
response beginsresponse begins
– Mucus production
decreases
) ?ithout mucus stomach liningnot protected from acidic
environment
– Infection persists for years) #ossibly for a life time
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irulenceirulence
) irulenceirulence is determined byis determined by in+asi+enessin+asi+eness,,
toxicitytoxicity, and other factors produced by a, and other factors produced by a
pathogen+ Earious pathogens produce proteinspathogen+ Earious pathogens produce proteinsthat damage the host cytoplasmic membrane,that damage the host cytoplasmic membrane,
causing cell lysis and death+causing cell lysis and death+
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Major virulence determinantsMajor virulence determinants::
toxinstoxins - destroy, damage, inactivate- destroy, damage, inactivate
natural defense mechanism of hostnatural defense mechanism of host– exotoxinsexotoxins
– endotoxinsendotoxins
enzymesenzymes - assist bacteria in establishing- assist bacteria in establishing
infection and producing diseaseinfection and producing disease
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) 6ecause the activity of these toins is most6ecause the activity of these toins is most
easily detected with red blood cellseasily detected with red blood cells
erythrocytes-, they are callederythrocytes-, they are called emolysinsemolysins
Table ()./Table ()./-+ In most pathogens, a number of-+ In most pathogens, a number offactors contribute to virulence+factors contribute to virulence+
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) Salmonella displays a wide variety of
traits that enhance virulence igure
().)0-+
irulence actors andirulence actors and
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u e ce acto s a du e ce acto s a d
ToxinsToxins
irulence actorsirulence actors) #athogens produce a variety of enzymes that#athogens produce a variety of enzymes thatenhance virulence by breaking down or alteringenhance virulence by breaking down or altering
host tissue to provide access and nutrients+host tissue to provide access and nutrients+) "till other pathogen
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) *he presence of endotoin detected by the*he presence of endotoin detected by the
/imulus amebocyte lysate assay indicates/imulus amebocyte lysate assay indicates
contamination of a substance by gram
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2ost actors in !nfection2ost actors in !nfection
2ost 3isk actors for2ost 3isk actors for
!nfection!nfection
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) 7onditions of age, stress, diet, general health,7onditions of age, stress, diet, general health,
lifestyle, prior or concurrent disease, andlifestyle, prior or concurrent disease, and
genetic makeup may compromise the host@sgenetic makeup may compromise the host@s
ability to resist infection+ability to resist infection+
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!nnate 3esistance to!nnate 3esistance to
!nfection!nfection) %onspecific physical, anatomical, and%onspecific physical, anatomical, and
chemical barriers prevent colonization of thechemical barriers prevent colonization of the
host by most pathogens host by most pathogens igure ().(/igure ().(/-+ /ack-+ /ackof these defenses results in susceptibility toof these defenses results in susceptibility to
infection and colonization by a pathogen+infection and colonization by a pathogen+
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) Table ().4 shows tissue specificity ininfectious disease+
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ToxinsToxins
endotoxinsendotoxins
– produced only by gram negative bacteriaproduced only by gram negative bacteria
– part of the outer cell wall (lipopolysaccharidepart of the outer cell wall (lipopolysaccharide
coat)coat)
lipid component is toxiclipid component is toxic
side chains (!, " antigen) are immunogenicside chains (!, " antigen) are immunogenic– released in large amounts at cell deathreleased in large amounts at cell death
– heat stable, not destroyed by autoclavingheat stable, not destroyed by autoclaving
– less potent and less speci#c than exotoxinsless potent and less speci#c than exotoxins
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ToxinsToxins
endotoxinsendotoxins– pyrogenicpyrogenic
– toxic to most animals, producing similar rangetoxic to most animals, producing similar range
of biological e$ects regardless of sourceof biological e$ects regardless of source
feverfever
increased %&'increased %&'
' (disseminate intravascular coagulopathy)' (disseminate intravascular coagulopathy)
hypotensionhypotension
shoc* shoc*
deathdeath
– degraded by oxidizing agentsdegraded by oxidizing agents
– examples+examples+ E. coli, Salmonella, ShigellaE. coli, Salmonella, Shigella
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nzymesnzymes
spreading factorsspreading factors– hyaluronidasehyaluronidase (gram ) - attac*s interstitial(gram ) - attac*s interstitial
cement of connective tissuecement of connective tissue
– collagenasecollagenase ('lostridium) - brea* down('lostridium) - brea* down
collagen, facilitating invasion of muscle andcollagen, facilitating invasion of muscle and
gas gangrene formationgas gangrene formation
– neuraminidaseneuraminidase (.ibrio and /higella) - brea*(.ibrio and /higella) - brea*
down intercellular cement of intestinaldown intercellular cement of intestinal
epithelial cellsepithelial cells
– *inase*inase (/trep and /taph) - digests #brin,(/trep and /taph) - digests #brin,
preventing clotting and allowing rapidpreventing clotting and allowing rapid
di$usiondi$usion
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#rinciples of Infectious !isease#rinciples of Infectious !isease
the more virulent a pathogen is the more diseasethe more virulent a pathogen is the more diseasepromoting attributes it possessespromoting attributes it possesses
– virulence factors are substances or features of avirulence factors are substances or features of a
microorganism that help it infect and cause diseasemicroorganism that help it infect and cause disease
– they may includethey may include
ability to adhereability to adhere
ability to overcome host defenseability to overcome host defense
ability to evade host defenseability to evade host defense
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Coloni,ation and -rowt
4 pathogen must gain access to nutrients and
appropriate growth conditions before coloni,ation and
growth in substantial numbers in host tissue can occur+
=rganisms may grow locally at the site of invasion or
may spread through the body+
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If etensive bacterial growth in tissues occurs, some
of the organisms are usually shed into the bloodstream
in large numbers, a condition called bacteremia+
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&lagellar &unction&lagellar &unction
• 3uide bacteria in a direction in response to eternal3uide bacteria in a direction in response to eternalstimulus;stimulus;
1- chemical stimuli –1- chemical stimuli – cemotaxiscemotaxis positive and negative positive and negative
F- light stimuli –F- light stimuli – pototaxispototaxis• "ignal sets flagella into rotary motion clockwise or"ignal sets flagella into rotary motion clockwise or
counterclockwisecounterclockwise
4 i l &il t4ial &ilaments
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4ial &ilaments 4ial &ilaments
#eriplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell#eriplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell
wall and cell membrane of spirocheteswall and cell membrane of spirochetes#roduce cellular motility by contracting and imparting#roduce cellular motility by contracting and imparting
twisting or fleing motiontwisting or fleing motion
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&imbriae&imbriae
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&imbriae&imbriae&ine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles from the cell&ine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles from the cell
surfacesurface&unction in adhesion to other cells and surfaces&unction in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
#ili#ili
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#ili#ili
.igid tubular structure made of.igid tubular structure made of pilinpilin proteinprotein
&ound only in 3ram negative cells&ound only in 3ram negative cells
&unction to $oin bacterial cells for partial !%4 transfer called&unction to $oin bacterial cells for partial !%4 transfer called
con5ugationcon5ugation
3lycocaly3lycocaly
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3lycocaly3lycocaly
7oating of molecules eternal to the cell wall,7oating of molecules eternal to the cell wall,
made of sugars andJor proteinsmade of sugars andJor proteins
*wo types;*wo types;
1+1+ slime layer < loosely organized and attachedslime layer < loosely organized and attached
F+F+ capsule < highly organized, tightly attachedcapsule < highly organized, tightly attached
&unctions;&unctions; – protect cells from dehydration and nutrient lossprotect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
– inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosisinhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis
contributing to pathogenicitycontributing to pathogenicity
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Bacterial %iliBacterial %ili
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Bacterial %iliBacterial %ili
CapsulesCa
psules
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$ttacment$ttacment
• %athogen gro&th on the surface of a host'often on the mucous membranes may result
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often on the mucous membranes' may resultin infection and disease
Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
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Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
pathogenesis is the manner in which a disease developspathogenesis is the manner in which a disease develops – patterns that disease
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Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
colonization of host surface, then toin productioncolonization of host surface, then toin production
– invading pathogen is able to grow to highinvading pathogen is able to grow to high
numbers on host surfaces such as thenumbers on host surfaces such as the
respiratory and intestinal tractrespiratory and intestinal tract
– they then produce a toin that is damaging tothey then produce a toin that is damaging tothe cellsthe cells
– organisms that use this mechanism includeorganisms that use this mechanism include
VibrioVibrio choleraecholerae, which causes cholera or, which causes cholera or
Corynebacterium diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes, which causesdiphtheriadiphtheria
M h i f # th iM h i f # th i
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Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
invasion of host tissueinvasion of host tissue
– breaching bodyGs barriers then multiplies in thebreaching bodyGs barriers then multiplies in the
bodyGs tissuesbodyGs tissues
– these organisms have mechanisms that allowthese organisms have mechanisms that allow
them to avoid macrophage destructionthem to avoid macrophage destruction
– some are also capable of avoiding detection bysome are also capable of avoiding detection by
antibodiesantibodies
– organisms that use this mechanism includeorganisms that use this mechanism include
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis, causative agent, causative agentfor tuberculosis, andfor tuberculosis, and Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis, causative, causative
agent for pla0ueagent for pla0ue
M h i f # th iMechanisms of #athogenesis
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Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
invasion of tissue, then toin productioninvasion of tissue, then toin production
– breach the bodyGs barriers, then make toinsbreach the bodyGs barriers, then make toins
– in addition to invasion, these organisms alsoin addition to invasion, these organisms also
make toinsmake toins
– organisms that use this mechanism includeorganisms that use this mechanism include
ShigellaShigella dysenteriaedysenteriae andand StreptococcusStreptococcus
pyogenes pyogenes
M h i f # th iMechanisms of #athogenesis
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Mechanisms of #athogenesisMechanisms of #athogenesis
in order to cause disease microorganisms need to bein order to cause disease microorganisms need to beable toable to
– adhere and colonize host tissueadhere and colonize host tissue
– avoid the innate defensesavoid the innate defenses
– avoid the adapted defensesavoid the adapted defenses
– cause damage related to the diseasecause damage related to the disease
4dherence4dherence
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4dherence 4dherence
to establish disease the causative agent needs toto establish disease the causative agent needs to – adhereadhere
difficult to overcome our first
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"higellosis
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"higellosis
#athogenesis
– S. dysenteriae
.arely encountered inAnited "tates
#roduces potent 4
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7olonization7olonization
causative agent needs tocausative agent needs to – multiply in order to colonizemultiply in order to colonize
to multiply, they must compete successfully withto multiply, they must compete successfully with
the normal flora for space and nutrientsthe normal flora for space and nutrients
– toins that may be produced by the normal floratoins that may be produced by the normal flora
must be overcomemust be overcome
4voiding Innate "ystem4voiding Innate "ystem
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4voiding Innate "ystem 4voiding Innate "ystemwhile some bacteria are able to cause disease whilewhile some bacteria are able to cause disease while
remaining on the surface of the skin or mucosa,remaining on the surface of the skin or mucosa,many need to penetrate that barrier many need to penetrate that barrier
once this is done, those pathogens have it on easyonce this is done, those pathogens have it on easy
street, eclusive rights to rich nutrition andstreet, eclusive rights to rich nutrition and
multiplying without any competitionmultiplying without any competitionpenetrating the skin is etremely difficultpenetrating the skin is etremely difficult
– bacteria take advantage of trauma to provide abacteria take advantage of trauma to provide a
break in the skinbreak in the skin
– ?est %ile Eirus is transmitted to the host through?est %ile Eirus is transmitted to the host througha mos0uito bite, a penetration of the skina mos0uito bite, a penetration of the skin
4voiding Innate "ystem4voiding Innate "ystem
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4voiding Innate "ystem 4voiding Innate "ystem
mucous membranes penetration is the most commonmucous membranes penetration is the most commonentry for most microorganismsentry for most microorganisms
– one method that is used is referred to as rufflingone method that is used is referred to as ruffling
once the microorganism attaches to theonce the microorganism attaches to the
membrane, it can direct the that cell to engulf themembrane, it can direct the that cell to engulf thebacterium;bacterium; this is referred to as rufflingthis is referred to as ruffling
ruffling on the surface of
mucous membrane
4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem
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4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem 4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem
several mechanisms can be used by microorganisms toseveral mechanisms can be used by microorganisms to
avoid the potentially lethal effects of our immune systemavoid the potentially lethal effects of our immune system
– hide inside a host cellhide inside a host cell
phagocytes, complement and antibodies canGt findphagocytes, complement and antibodies canGt findthem; remember self and non
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4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem 4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem
avoid destruction by phagocytes by simply preventingavoid destruction by phagocytes by simply preventingencounters with phagocytesencounters with phagocytes
– 7:a peptides are an enzyme that is made by some7:a peptides are an enzyme that is made by some
bacteriabacteria
– 7:a peptide7:a peptide destroys te complement componentdestroys te complement component
if the complement is not activated, neither are theif the complement is not activated, neither are the
phagocytesphagocytes
– some bacteria produce membrane
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4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem 4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem
avoid recognition and attachment to phagocytes byavoid recognition and attachment to phagocytes by – producing capsules to prevent phagocytosisproducing capsules to prevent phagocytosis
Streprococcus pneumoniaeStreprococcus pneumoniae procduces capsulesprocduces capsules
survive in the phagocytesurvive in the phagocyte – they donGt worry about being engulfed, simply en$oythey donGt worry about being engulfed, simply en$oy
the “free ride”the “free ride”
some microorganisms can escape from thesome microorganisms can escape from the
phagosome before being fused with the enzymephagosome before being fused with the enzymelysosomelysosome
4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem 4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystem
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4voiding Innate and 4daptive "ystemo d g ate a d dapt e "yste
survive in the phagocytesurvive in the phagocyte
– some microorganisms can block the fusion of thesome microorganisms can block the fusion of the
phagosome and lysosomephagosome and lysosome
– a few organisms can actually survive the lysosomea few organisms can actually survive the lysosome
environmentenvironment
4voiding the 4daptive "ystem 4voiding the 4daptive "ystem
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g yavoiding antibodies which integral to the adaptiveavoiding antibodies which integral to the adaptive
system this can be accomplished several ways includingsystem this can be accomplished several ways including
– Ig4 proteaseIg4 protease
cleaves Ig4 class of antibodies found in mucus andcleaves Ig4 class of antibodies found in mucus and
other secretionsother secretions
– antigenic variationantigenic variationalter structure of antigensalter structure of antigens
stay ahead of antibody production and destructionstay ahead of antibody production and destruction
by altering the structure the antibodies areby altering the structure the antibodies are
searching for searching for – mimic host moleculesmimic host molecules
some microorganisms have the ability to coversome microorganisms have the ability to cover
themselves with molecules similar to “self”themselves with molecules similar to “self”
Host !amageHost !amage
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Host !amageHost !amage
in order for disease to happen damage of some sortin order for disease to happen damage of some sortmust happen to the hostmust happen to the host
– in most cases damage to the host facilitates dispersalin most cases damage to the host facilitates dispersal
of the pathogenof the pathogen
damage to the host can occur either damage to the host can occur either – directlydirectly
– indirectlyindirectly
!irect Host !amage!irect Host !amage
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!irect Host !amage!irect Host !amage
toins produced by the invading pathogen cause directtoins produced by the invading pathogen cause directdamage to the host which results in diseasedamage to the host which results in disease
toins capable of causing damage includetoins capable of causing damage include
– eotoinseotoins
a protein toin released from a living cella protein toin released from a living cell
mostly found in 3ram B cellsmostly found in 3ram B cells
Bacillus anthraxis
produces an eotoin
Immune .esponse !amageImmune .esponse !amage
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Immune .esponse !amageImmune .esponse !amage
inflammatory response can destroy tissueinflammatory response can destroy tissue
– antibody
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(ey traits to a pathogen
*he ability to;1+ $derence
– *o host surfaces and not be washed off
F+ $+oid pagocytosis
– #revent host defenses from destroying
8+ %enetrate
– 3et into host and spread
9+ #roduce En,ymes
– "pread, prevent host defenses and cause
damage at or near site of infection:+ #roduce Toxins
– 7ause damage at distant site
4dherence
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4dhesionsJligands bind to receptors on host cells so
wonGt get flushed off+
Mechanisms to adhere and avoid host defenses;
– 3lycocaly Streptococcus mutans
!etran pla0ue-
– ?aes Mycobacteria
– &imbriae Escherichia coli
– M protein Streptococcus pyogenes
– *apered end wJ hooks reponema pallidum
4dherence
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZ! decompressor
are needed to see this picture"QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZ! decompressor
are needed to see this picture"
7apsules
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7apsules#revent pagocytosis
and help with attacment adherence-
Streptococcus pneumoniae
!lebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influen"aeBacillus anthracis
Streptococcus mutans
Yersinia pestis
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Hemolysins
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Hemolysinslpha ,emolytic -treptococci
$ secrete hemolysins that cause the incomplete lysis
or !#Gs
!eta ,emolytic -treptococci
$ secrete hemolysins that cause the complete lysis of !#Gs
/eukocidins
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/eukocidins
'nzymes that attack certain types of ?67Gs
1+ (ills ?67Gs which prevents phagocytosisF+ .eleases K ruptures lysosomes
– lysosomes < contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes which
then cause more tissue damage
'nzymes; %ecrotizing &actor
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“Flesh /ating !acteria”
0ecrotiing fasciitiscauses death (necrosis to tissue cells
"ummary of How 6acterial #athogens#enetrate Host !efenses
1 4dh
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1+ 4dherence
F+ 7apsule
8+ 'nzymes
– leukocidins
– Hemolysins
–7oagulase
– (inases
– Hyaluronidase
– 7ollagenase
– %ecrotizing &actor
#enetration into the Host 7ell
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#enetration into the Host 7ell
Figure 15.
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Endotoxins
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides derived from
the outer membrane of gram
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endotoins are lioopolysaccharides /#"- found inendotoins are lioopolysaccharides /#"- found inthe lipid portion of the outer wall of 3ram – bacteriathe lipid portion of the outer wall of 3ram – bacteria
– endotoins are released when 3ram – bacteria dieendotoins are released when 3ram – bacteria die
and the cell wall undergoes lysisand the cell wall undergoes lysis
antibiotics that are used to treat 3ram –antibiotics that are used to treat 3ram –diseases can lyse the bacterial cells, releasingdiseases can lyse the bacterial cells, releasing
the endotointhe endotoin
– this can lead to an immediate worsening ofthis can lead to an immediate worsening of
the symptomsthe symptoms
– these symptoms usually improve as thethese symptoms usually improve as the
endotoins break downendotoins break down
'ndotoins < part of the 3ram
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6acterial cell wall/#" /ipopolysaccharides-
– = 4ntigen
– /ipid 4
Heat "table eotoins are typically heat liable-
/ipid 4 < *oin portion of the /#"
– responsible for &ever that is associated with
many 3ram
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e"oto"ins (Table 21.5.
'ndotoin
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Figure 15.4)
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'ndotoins
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Figure 15.2
Mechanisms of #athogenicity
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g y
Figure 15.3
'ndotoins'ndotoins
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endotoins can also activate blood
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viral pathogenesis is very dependent onviral pathogenesis is very dependent on
– gaining access to the hostgaining access to the host
– evading the hostGs defensesevading the hostGs defenses
– causing damage to or death of the host cell whilecausing damage to or death of the host cell while
continuing to reproduce themselvescontinuing to reproduce themselves
viral access to the host was discussed in the virusviral access to the host was discussed in the virus
lecture remember viral attraction is specific to the hostlecture remember viral attraction is specific to the host
– viruses bind more successfully to organisms found inviruses bind more successfully to organisms found inmucous membranesmucous membranes
Eiral 'vasion of HostEiral 'vasion of Host
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interferons play a role in limiting the ability of virusesinterferons play a role in limiting the ability of virusesmoving from neighbor cell to neighbor cellmoving from neighbor cell to neighbor cell
– once infected cells are capable of producing a proteinonce infected cells are capable of producing a protein
that can regulate and limit viral replicationthat can regulate and limit viral replication
some viruses are able to encode proteins to shutsome viruses are able to encode proteins to shutdown this cellular protective devicedown this cellular protective device
Eiral 'vasion of HostEiral 'vasion of Host
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though limited in the ability to control viruses, those fewthough limited in the ability to control viruses, those fewantibodies that are used can be circumvented by virusesantibodies that are used can be circumvented by viruses
that have developed methods to transfer directly fromthat have developed methods to transfer directly from
one cell to its immediate neighbor one cell to its immediate neighbor
– since antibodies control viruses by neutralizingsince antibodies control viruses by neutralizingetracellular viral particles, the above renders thisetracellular viral particles, the above renders this
uselessuseless
Eirus and Host !amageEirus and Host !amage
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gg
some viruses take
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#athogenesis#athogenesis
these mechanisms are not clearly understood, thoughthese mechanisms are not clearly understood, thoughthe mechanisms include colonization of the host, evasionthe mechanisms include colonization of the host, evasion
of the host defenses and damage to the hostof the host defenses and damage to the host
fungifungi
– these organisms are generally opportunistic, takingthese organisms are generally opportunistic, takingadvantage of a weakening or change in our immuneadvantage of a weakening or change in our immune
systemsystem
ecessive growth ofecessive growth of Candida albicansCandida albicans is often ais often a
result in immunocompormised hostsresult in immunocompormised hosts – C. albicansC. albicans is the causative agent of thrush, ais the causative agent of thrush, a
common occurrence in 4I!" patientscommon occurrence in 4I!" patients
Mechanisms of 'ukaryoticMechanisms of 'ukaryotic
#athogenesis#athogenesis
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#athogenesis#athogenesis
eukaroytic parasiteseukaroytic parasites – are generally found in the intestinal tract or haveare generally found in the intestinal tract or have
gained access through an insect bitegained access through an insect bite
– attach with specific receptorsattach with specific receptors
– are capable of hiding within the host cellare capable of hiding within the host cell
– the damage they can inflict variesthe damage they can inflict varies
some cause malnutrition by competing forsome cause malnutrition by competing for
nutrientsnutrients
some can cause direct damage by the enzymessome can cause direct damage by the enzymes
they producethey produce
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*erminology of Infectious !iseases*erminology of Infectious !iseases
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gygy
infectious doseinfectious dose
– L of microbes needed to establish infectionL of microbes needed to establish infection
some microorganisms are less contagious thansome microorganisms are less contagious than
others and as a result re0uire a larger number ofothers and as a result re0uire a larger number ofpathogens present to establish diseasepathogens present to establish disease
*erminology of Infectious !iseases*erminology of Infectious !iseases
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gy
signsign – ob$ective changes that are observable andob$ective changes that are observable and
measurablemeasurable
– eamples of signs include swelling, fever, paralysiseamples of signs include swelling, fever, paralysis
symptomssymptoms
– sub$ective effects eperienced by patientsub$ective effects eperienced by patient
– eamples of symptoms include pain or nauseaeamples of symptoms include pain or nausea
*erminology of Infectious !iseases*erminology of Infectious !iseases
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gy
disease stagesdisease stages – incubationincubation
the time between the initial infection and the firstthe time between the initial infection and the firstappearance of any signs or symptomsappearance of any signs or symptoms
this time can vary depending on the pathogen andthis time can vary depending on the pathogen andthe condition of the hostthe condition of the host
– illnessillness
signs and symptoms of the disease are eperiencedsigns and symptoms of the disease are eperienced
if the disease is not successfully overcome orif the disease is not successfully overcome ortreated, the patient dies during this periodtreated, the patient dies during this period
– convalescenceconvalescence
person regains strength and the body returns to itsperson regains strength and the body returns to itspre
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gy
types of infectious diseasestypes of infectious diseases
– acute diseaseacute disease
rapid onset, short durationrapid onset, short duration
influenza is an acute diseaseinfluenza is an acute disease
– chronic diseasechronic disease
develop slowly, last longer develop slowly, last longer
the bodyGs reaction may be less severethe bodyGs reaction may be less severe
hepatitis 6 is a chronic disusehepatitis 6 is a chronic disuse
– latent diseaselatent disease
causative agent is never completely eliminatedcausative agent is never completely eliminated
remains inactive, but can become reactivated andremains inactive, but can become reactivated andsymptomatic if immune response is diminishedsymptomatic if immune response is diminished
shingles is a latent diseaseshingles is a latent disease
*erminology of Infectious !iseases*erminology of Infectious !iseases
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localized infectionslocalized infections – invading microorganisms are limited to a small areainvading microorganisms are limited to a small area
– boils and abscesses are local infectionsboils and abscesses are local infections
systemic infectionssystemic infections
– infectious agent spread throughout body by blood orinfectious agent spread throughout body by blood or
lymphlymph
– measles is a systemic infectionmeasles is a systemic infection
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Control of Microbial #ro$thControl of Microbial #ro$th
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19F19F
History; /ister and "emmelwiessHistory; /ister and "emmelwiess *erminology*erminology
#hysical Methods#hysical Methods
Heat; !ry, moist, with pressureHeat; !ry, moist, with pressure.adiation; Ionizing and non
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Te $utocla+eTe $utocla+e
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MetabolismMetabolism
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Introductory 7onceptsIntroductory 7oncepts%utritional patterns, Metabolism, 4*#, 'nzymes,%utritional patterns, Metabolism, 4*#, 'nzymes,.e
7atabolism7atabolism
3lycolysis, *74 cycle, 'lectron transport chain3lycolysis, *74 cycle, 'lectron transport chain
&ermentations&ermentations
'thanol, /actic acid'thanol, /actic acid
4nabolism 4nabolism6iosynthesis6iosynthesis
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