kwanzaa celebration this african american family is taking part in mishumaa, the practice of...

Kwanzaa Celebration This African American family is taking part in mishumaa, the practice of lighting one candle on each day of Kwanzaa, a holiday in late December. Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa represents one of the Nguzo Saba (Seven Principles), which emphasize the commitment to family, community, and culture. The African American activist and scholar Maulana Karenga developed Kwanzaa in 1966, and it is celebrated in a number of nations.

Italian Street Festival Crowds fill the narrow streets of Boston's North End during a festival. This largely Italian neighborhood is the scene of colorful celebrations during the summer months.

Cinco de Mayo Celebration Cinco de Mayo commemorates a Mexican military victory over invading French troops on May 5, 1862. Today, Cinco de Mayo celebrates Mexican culture and heritage. Members of the Mexican American community in Denver, Colorado, shown here, observe Cinco de Mayo with traditional Mexican music, dance, and dress.

Hula Dancing Hawaiian dancers perform the hula, a traditional dance of the indigenous Hawaiian culture. Originally a religious dance, the hula changed dramatically after foreign missionaries converted most of the islanders to Christianity. Although a few groups still preserve the original religious nature of hula traditions, most modern versions of the dance use the winding movements of the dancers to tell a story.

Inuit Ice Fishing The Inuit ethnic group, who live in the coastal areas of Alaska, have a diet that consists mainly of fish and seals. They also use seals, whales, and related sea mammals as a source of clothing, building materials, and fuel for light and heat. Shown here is an Inuit man ice fishing.

Jewish Seder Religious observances provide an opportunity for Jewish Americans to come together as a community. The Seder, a ritual meal held during the Passover festival, celebrates the exodus of the ancient Jews from captivity in Egypt. During the Seder, participants eat foods symbolizing various aspects of the Jews’ experiences as slaves in Egypt. Relating a great event in Jewish history to the contemporary experience of Jewish Americans, the Seder helps preserve Jewish identity.

Amish Barn-Raising Resisting the influences of modern technology, Amish people in such states as Pennsylvania and Ohio continue to raise buildings without power tools. They also ride in horse-drawn buggies and follow long-established agricultural methods. The Amish are descended from German Protestant immigrants who established communities based on strict religious prinicipals. Because the Amish remained somewhat isolated from mainstream society, they have maintained traditional folkways, crafts, and culture.

Saint Patrick's Day Celebration Every year on March 17, Irish Americans celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day with parades and pageantry. The holiday honors the man who brought Christianity to Ireland in the 5th century. According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three leaves of the shamrock to explain the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. Leprechauns, a mythical race of elves who bestow their hidden treasure on anyone who can catch them, symbolize the famous “luck of the Irish

German Americans The images of German culture that are most familiar to the majority of Americans derive in large part from Bavaria, a mountainous region of southern Germany. Tourists flock to see German folk dancing in the Bavarian theme village of Leavenworth, Washington. Many aspects of German culture in the United States were suppressed during Word War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), when anti-German sentiment swept the country.

Russian Cathederal, Sitka Saint Michael’s Cathedral in Sitka, in southeastern Alaska, stands as a monument to this frontier’s rich cultural history. The city was founded by Russian fur traders in the early 1800s and remained under Russian control until 1867, when the United States purchased the Alaska territory from Russia.

Little Havana, Miami Beginning in the 1960s, Cuban refugees established communities throughout southern Florida. The most famous of these neighborhoods is Little Havana in Miami. Little Havana is renowned for its vibrant street life, exemplified by these Cuban American men playing dominoes in the neighorhood's Máximo Gómez Park. The mural in the background depicts the leaders of various nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Scandinavian Immigrants Of the thousands of immigrants who arrived in Minnesota during the latter half of the 19th century, a majority came from Scandinavia. Many became successful loggers and farmers during the state’s economic boom. Here, a family of Swedish Americans takes a lunch break during harvest time.

Native American Dance, New Mexico Many Native American communities in the southwestern United States seek to preserve and promote their history and heritage through ceremonial expressions. This Pueblo dancer celebrates Feast Day at the Santa Clara village in Espanola, New Mexico.

Vietnamese American Fisherman In the 1970s and 1980s many Vietnamese refugees sought work in the fishing industry in California and the Gulf Coast states. This Vietnamese American fishman displays samples of the day's catch at the Berkeley Marina in California.

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The Hispanic American community is a mix of subgroups with roots in various countries of Latin America, such as Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama. Official U.S. government documents and the English-speaking media typically use the term Hispanic when referring to the larger community comprised of these varied national groups. Spanish-language radio and television stations generally use the terms Hispano or Latino. Many Hispanic Americans are uncomfortable with all of these broad categories and prefer more specific designations, such as Cuban American or Mexican American.

Mexican War, conflict between the United States and Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1848. The war resulted in a decisive U.S. victory and forced Mexico to relinquish all claims to approximately half its national territory. Mexico had already lost control of much of its northeastern territory as a result of the Texas Revolution (1835-1836). This land, combined with the territory Mexico ceded at the end of the war, would form the future U.S. states of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, as well as portions of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.

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