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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SISTEMA REPRODUCTORSISTEMA REPRODUCTOR
(LA IDEA FIJA)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• How male and female reproductive systems differentiate
• The reproductive organs and how they work• How gametes are produced and fertilized• Pregnancy, stages of development, birth &
lactation
• Reproductive and developmental maturation and aging
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sex Determination: OverviewSex Determination: Overview
• Dimorphism:• Males → sperm• Females → eggs
• Chromosomes• Autosomes• Sex Chromosomes
• X - chromosome• Y - chromosome
Figure 26-1: Human chromosomes
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sex Determination: OverviewSex Determination: Overview
Figure 26-2: Inheritance of X and Y chromosomes
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic DevelopmentSexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic Development
• Bipotential tissues: genes & hormones direct differentiation
• Gonad → testis or ovary• Wolffian duct → Vas deferens, Mullerian duct →
oviduct
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic DevelopmentSexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic Development
Figure 26-3a: Sexual development in the human embryo
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sexual Differentiation: External GenitaliaSexual Differentiation: External Genitalia
• Bipotential tissues: genital tubercle, urethral folds, urethral groove and labioscrotal swellings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sexual Differentiation: External GenitaliaSexual Differentiation: External Genitalia
Figure 26-3b: Sexual development in the human embryo
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Determination of sex
• Determined genetically by two sex chromosomes: XY or XX.
• Y is dominant and contains the testis-determining gene product.
• Only one X is active. The other X condenses to form the Barr body:
• Occasionally, more than one copy of X or Y occurs: XXX, XXY, XO or XX/XY mosaic being the four most common abnormalities.
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation of Reproduction: General PathwaysRegulation of Reproduction: General Pathways
• Hypothalamus: pulse generator• Gonadotropin releasing H
• (GnRH)• Anterior Pituitary
• Lutenizing H (LH)• Follicle stimulating H (FSH)
• Ovary: progesterone• Estrogen, inhibin
• Testis: testosterone
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation of Reproduction: General PathwaysRegulation of Reproduction: General Pathways
Figure 26-7: General pattern of hormonal control of reproduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pathway for Sexual Development: Review for Genes to OrgansPathway for Sexual Development: Review for Genes to Organs
Figure 26-4: Role of the SRY gene in male development
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
GnRH GnRHHypothalamus
Androgenicand anabolic
effects
Oestrogeniceffects
Testis Ovary
StimulatoryInhibitory
AnteriorPituitaryLH LH
FSH FSH
LeydigCells
Thecainterna
SertoliCells
Granu-losa
Inhibin Inhibin
Testosterone Oestrogen
Androgens
Gonads
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Male Reproductive Anatomy and PhysiologyMale Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
• Testis• Epididymis• Vas deferens• Seminal vesicle• Prostate• Bulbourethral• Ejaculatory duct• Urethra• Penis
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ComponentsComponents
• Testis => spermatozoa; testosterone production• Epididymis => spermatozoa maturation & storage• Ductus deferens & ampulla => transport & semen• Accessory glands => semen
• a) Prostate gland• b) Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)• c) Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland• d) Distal portion of ductus deferens (+/- ampulla)
• Urethra => transport• Penis=> transport and ejaculation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Male Reproductive Anatomy and PhysiologyMale Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
Figure 26-9a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Male Reproduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Spermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the TestisSpermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the Testis
• Seminiferous tubules• Spermatids • Spermatocytes• Spermatozoa• Sertoli cells
• Interstitial tissue• Leydig cells• Capillaries
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Spermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the TestisSpermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the Testis
Figure 26-9b-e: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Male Reproduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Interstitial cells (of Leydig)
S T
Cells of Leydig
ProduceAndrogens—
mainly Testosterone
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organization of Testis
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seminiferous Tubule and Interstitial Cells
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation of SpermatogenesisRegulation of Spermatogenesis
Figure 26-11: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation of SpermatogenesisRegulation of Spermatogenesis
• GnRH → LH → Leydig cells → testosterone → 20sex charact.
• GnRH → FSH → Sertoli cells → spermatoctyematuration
• Inhibin feedback – FSH, testosterone – short & long loops
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood-Testis BarrierBlood-Testis Barrier
• Adjacent sustentacular cells are joined by tight junctions• Forms a diffusion barrier = controlled microenvironment for
spermatogenesis
• Separates basal region from tubular compartment• Spermatogonial cell division (mitosis) occurs in basal
compartment
• Meiosis and spermiogenesis occurs in tubular compartment• Blood-testis barrier prevents many substances from entering
the tubular compartment
• Spermatocytes pass through the intercellular junctions to enter the tubular compartment
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FSH RECEPTORFSH RECEPTOR
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of Gametogenesis: Producing Eggs or SpermOverview of Gametogenesis: Producing Eggs or Sperm
Figure 26-5: Gametogenesis
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Spermatozoa Structure and Functions in ReviewSpermatozoa Structure and Functions in Review
• Head• Acrosome:• Nucleus:
• Midpiece• Centrioles:• Mitochondria:
• Tail: flagellum• Microtubules:
Figure 26-10: Sperm structure
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LH & FSH RECEPTOR MUTATIONSLH & FSH RECEPTOR MUTATIONS
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: OverviewFemale Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: Overview
• Ovary• Fallopian tube
• Fimbriae• Uterus
• Cervix• Endometrium
• Vagina• Clitoris• Labia
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: OverviewFemale Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: Overview
Figure 26-12b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ovary: Details of Histology & PhysiologyOvary: Details of Histology & Physiology
• Follicle• Oocytes• Thecal cells• Granulosa cells
• Estrogen• → Corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum• Progesterone• Inhibin
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ovary: Details of Histology & PhysiologyOvary: Details of Histology & Physiology
Figure 26-12d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ovary: Details of Histology & PhysiologyOvary: Details of Histology & Physiology
• Follicle• Oocytes• Thecal cells• Granulosa cells
• Estrogen• → Corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum• Progesterone• Inhibin
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Follicular StructureFollicular Structure
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Menstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial GrowthMenstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth
• Follicular phase• Egg matures
• Ovulation• Egg released
• Luteal phase• Corpus luteum• Endometrium • Prep for blastocyst
• No Pregnancy• Menses
Figure 26-13: The menstrual cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive CycleFigure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 28.26a-c
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian ActivityThe Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Activity
Figure 28.25
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Follicular Growth RegulationFollicular Growth Regulation
• GnRH rises in response to a decline in inhibin and sex steroids
• GnRH stimulates rise in pituitary FSH & LH secretion.
• FSH stimulates new follicle growth
• LH induces thecal cell growth, vascularization & androgen synthesis
• FSH stimulates granulosa cell production of E2 & LH receptor
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Follicular Growth Regulation 2Follicular Growth Regulation 2
• LH act on thecal & granulosa cells and FSH acts on granulosa cells
• Late follicular phase has elevated follicular fluid E2, P, FSH and LH but low androgens
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular PhaseEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase
• FSH stimulates follicular development• Estrogen: + feedback, limits more follicles
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: OvulationEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Ovulation
• ↑ Estrogen → LH "surge" & FSH spike → egg release• Inhibin↑ pushes FSH down , ↓ new follicle development
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
OvulationOvulation
• The stigmata, a cone-shaped protrusion of the follicle wall, appears just before ovulation
• Preovulatory follicular fluid has elevated E2, P, FSH, LH, oxytocin, plasmin activity & collaginase activity
• Extensive follicular vascularization occurs immediately prior to ovulation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase and OvulationEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase and Ovulation
Figure 26-14a,b: Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phaseEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phase
• Granulosa cells form corpus luteum → progesterone• ↑ progesterone & estrogen maintain endometrium• Inhibin continues to limit new follicular development
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Corpus Luteum Development 1Corpus Luteum Development 1
• LH stimulates thecal & granulosa cell invasion of follicular cavity
• LH induces the luteinization of both cell types
• P synthesis increases as number of luteal cell increase
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Corpus Luteum Development 2Corpus Luteum Development 2
• LH stimulates increased P & E secretion
• FSH has no direct role in corpus luteum (CL) maintenance
• CL function depends on adequacy of follicle development (adequate induction by FSH of E2, LH and LDL receptor levels)
• Failure of adequate CL function results in luteal insufficiency
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Corpus Luteum Development 3Corpus Luteum Development 3
• Estrogen induces luteolysis
• Luteolysis causes decreased E2 & P secretion leading to decreased plasma levels
• Luteolysis continues in the absence of a fertilized ovum
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Late Luteal phaseEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Late Luteal phase
• Pregnancy: maintain ↑ progesterone, estrogen &inhibin
• No pregnancy: ↓ progesterone, estrogen &inhibin
• Menses, ↑ FSH & LH → new follicle development
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phase and Late Luteal phaseEndocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phase and Late Luteal phase
Figure 26-14c, d: Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Uterine CycleThe Uterine Cycle
Figure 28.20
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive CycleThe Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Menstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial GrowthMenstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth
• Follicular phase• Egg matures
• Ovulation• Egg released
• Luteal phase• Corpus luteum• Endometrium • Prep for blastocyst
• No Pregnancy• Menses
Figure 26-13: The menstrual cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of the Menstrual CycleOverview of the Menstrual Cycle
SISTEMA REPRODUCTORSex Determination: OverviewSex Determination: OverviewSexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic DevelopmentSexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic DevelopmentSexual Differentiation: External GenitaliaSexual Differentiation: External GenitaliaDetermination of sexRegulation of Reproduction: General PathwaysRegulation of Reproduction: General PathwaysPathway for Sexual Development: Review for Genes to OrgansHypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
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