lab. manual by y. matsushi - 京都大学 · 2012-05-10 · chemistry for in-situ 10be and 26al...

Chemistry for in-situ 10Be and 26Al measurement

for terrestrial quartz by AMS at MALT

Lab. manual by Y. Matsushi

Ver. 2.0

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Al chemistry

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in-situ 10Be26Al

Y. Matsushi

10Be 26

Al !AMS"#$%&'()*+(,-./0123456#7,%89:%,(;<#Kohl and Nishiizumi (1992)=9HeimsathStone>?@#(ABCD;#E$D56F/034CDGHI'()#Kohl and Nishiizumi (1992)JK'(G;

LMNO%/0PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^X#_`abcdG;

efFghijkl<mnop)qrksFktefuvwF+(;ef#xyz|G$%,(G~C#D$%k@k,;d)hPE pUp#7!Uzq,z= ,"¡\¢K;£#/0\¤Xo¥¦#K,(§1¨©!HF"PQ,#7,%ªC,«G_`ab¬'(;­#7kz(ik®DMSDS t¯°ef±?²#PQ%+( HF§³\UV´µ¶· ¸V?¹º»¼~C%tG;½¾¿ÀoÁ¿ÃÄÅÆ\U#7,%ÇÈÉ#G(Ê|ËÌ!ÍÈ3ÎÏÐÄ"&C%tG;ef/ÑÒ'(ÓFº»Ô#Õ7AÖ8o12´×4ef#(ØÙÚkvwÛ4pJ#ÜHhz+(;

ÝKohl, C.P., Nishiizumi, K., 1992. Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of

in-situ–produced cosmogenic nuclides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56,

3583–3587.

Heimsath, A.M. Dartmouth Univ. Lab Procedures (http://www.public.asu.edu/~aheimsat/)

Stone, J.O. Washington Univ. Lab Procedures

(http://depts.washington.edu/cosmolab/chem.html) Þßàá !âã12ä å" æ12FçdèéGHêë ìí2002;ÝîïðØ æ×4efuD 13ñë òói2ôõä1976;

R.J. ö¶÷X !øùú ûü" æý2þ¶· eCDi2D#ë 121998; 12å å æõ efvw#ËdD#ë 121993; 12å å æõ efvw#ËdD#ë 121987;

J.R. Y¶\ ! ´ ü" æÑÒ#(¦ ë òó122000;

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T°®×ÄH C!"#'!w%ç$»Ø[¶%&XGC%'("; U)¶*\o+]F,-×PQ.t; */X\F<4 cm0#1|2(!3G;U¡\4p¢KG;5À7k,d"; ~400 gM6zº¬;

×oÄH C!"#'!w%ç$»Ø[¶%&XGC%'("; P$p|78 5 L PP9\:\#~500 g+(; ¨;¨F<-,-×=,>C%PQ.t!_×z>:%,$%h?#Ck,;@¨ÛA@Bk,G!!"; ÓC°z+QD@ktk(FEQ#=F'(!º¬k@GH3I=FC%h,"; /0JKL#MC110 °CFNOPrB(;

!"#$%&'()*+,-

UYXZF+(,pÌF/0QR'(!3G;Up¢KG"; 1–0.25 mm STUFV$GWCQXKT\VÜ#YVCDZ*#D%,t; 1 mm[Óh\6QRCU]^Q_'; 1–0.25 mm§]^Xz 150~200 g ¼'F|:G OK; >1 mm G <0.25 mm§]^X½:`:Z*#&X IDHaC%'Û; ]µY÷\µbUY\FUZcd;

TUWXYZ#ab!!

1 mm

0.25 mm

1 mm

0.25 mm

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!

6M HCl + 0.03% H2O2./01234 5

: QRef°/02Lg9X500 mlhÑH2O2Ki9XHCl!TXj"H2O2!£k" 2 L g9Xº¬lmn!9Xo1º»¤p"; /0qC9X ID GGh#Hr!100 g/L acid: Øã#7|~180 g"; MQ 0.9 LS(; 500 mlhÑFTXj HCl 0.9 LS(; !st×uvwx+(/0¬ab: »y HCl:zC%K|, ¼~'(G"; 30% H2O2 1.8 mlS¨75~#rB%tz;§Y+Q#|7t]k,G;

\YiH3I¨#VYVC¨;¨V?h#Ø'(rF:(; 6H3I&¶YVC80 °CF>12 h\]^X;

(>12 cycles of 50 min U-sonic with 10 min pause);

p¡p7%PQôC·§V?F¿ÀCk,M6#'; !÷\K"mnPQ(; ·§V?FÓC°hYX#; ~200 ml MQF 2Gd=FC=F¨hYX#; MQF>3Gd=FC=F¨¨;]X#!¨>Ckz@ËdG";

80 °CFOP; OPqCZ*#'Û;

80 °C, 12 h for HCl treatment 95 °C, 8-9 h × 3~4 times for HF/HNO3 leaching

~180 g sample

0.9 L MQ

0.9 L 12M HCl

~1.8 ml 30% H2O2

2 L

bottle

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HF "#$%&HF

1% HF/HNO3.6789&Meteoric 10Be 5

: t34f°/02Lg9X100 mlhÑHFHNO3!£k" 2 L g9Xº¬lmn!9Xo1º»¤p"; /0qC9X ID GGh#Hr!7.5-9 g/L acid: Øã#7| ~15-18 g: 1 sample#7|V\Y>100 g"; MQ 1.92 LS(;

100 mlhÑFconc. HF43 mlconc. HNO333 mlS¨75~#rB%tz;§Y+Q#|7t]k,G;

H3I¨#YVC95 °CF 9 h \]^X

(9 cycles of 50 min U-sonic with 10 min pause);

p¡p7%PQôC·§V?F¿ÀCk,M6#'; !§K"mnCPQ(; ÓC°YX#; ~200 ml MQF 2Gd=FC=F¨hYX#; Ó~|=F9Xç$%&XV 1ã#G(; MQF>3Gd=FC=F¨¨;]X#!¨>Ckz@ËdG";

Ø34Ø'ÛC%th 80 °CFOP;

#\¤X 3^Q_'!2 Y\X9@ 1 sample#7|V 1ã"; !º¬#ÍO% ?¡¢¸X"; ~4 Y\X\¤Xz$$D@80 °CFOP; OPq;Z*#'(;

~15-18 g sample

1.92 L MQ

43 ml conc. HF

33 ml conc. HNO3

2 L

bottle

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'(")*+,-HF

Be :;<=>?&HF .67@ABC#DDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR-

: \¤Xf° /0200 ml PTFE 9\:\PTFEÉÑL5 ml ¢£VBeKh9X\XhѤV)\VHFHNO3!¥¦ K or¤i©&K"HClO4Wako Be 100ppm AAS-STDWako Al 1000ppm AAS-STD

PTFE 9\:\#öX!/0+X"; *§%P$D Be-STDVq; ¢£V¤Gh=,;h BeKh9X§; ¨9\:\ /0q!<60 g";©qª#/0«@rk,d#;/0w%ç$»Ø#'; 100ppm Be-STD 3 ml!0.3 mgBe"¬Cq; ­i|,Q/0#®°¯B(G#k(F°K#(±1#ab;q²a³C%v&gi²¯°P(;!ÆZ:X# Be¸´=9¢£V¤º»±S1000ppm Al-STD 2 ml!2

mgAl"¬";l<$$D9\:\#ÉÑL B%t; w%¸´¬z$$D@Be- Al-STD V\6qCµ¶;

PTFE 9\:\#100 mlhÑF conc. HNO3 20 mlconc. HF 100 ml S(; 9\:\~200·¤V)\VÓ#¸Î!©¹6º»6ÑF¼~"; ɼ ¥¦½¾¼~;ÉÑL¿#CGCGi§1×z ô'(Fab;¤V)\VÓ#rk,G; zÀw#¥¦CÁÂzktk(F HFÃÄaÅ';aG|¤V)\V9@9\:\'G JKOÁCD@9\:\8¤V)\V©¹#YC%²hÆÇG';

conc. HNO3 10 mlÈ# conc. HF 10 ml Sr@#JKOÁ; conc. HNO3 10 mlÈ# conc. HClO4 10 ml Sr@#JKOÁ; conc. HNO3 1 mlÈ# conc. HF 3 ml Sr@#JKOÁ; conc. HNO3 3 mlÈ# conc. HClO4 3 ml Sr@#JKOÁ; gl< 3^Q_';

Ék,CÊÉ#ËzOÁCD@C%Z*#¦¶C%t;

3 ml 100 ppm

Be carrier sol.

(0.3 mgBe)

20~60 g quartz

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Sample ID

Procedure

Note

~1 ml conc. HNO3/g qtz (~20 ml)~5 ml conc. HF/g qtz (~100 ml)

Additional conc. HNO3 & HFDry up

~10 ml conc. HNO3 & HF

Dry up

~10 ml conc. HNO3 & HClO4

Dry up

~1 ml conc. HNO3

~3 ml conc. HFDry up

~3 ml conc. HNO3 & HClO4

Dry up

Repeat 3 times

~1 ml conc. HNO3/g qtz (~20 ml)~5 ml conc. HF/g qtz (~100 ml)

Additional conc. HNO3 & HFDry up

~10 ml conc. HNO3 & HF

Dry up

~10 ml conc. HNO3 & HClO4

Dry up

~1 ml conc. HNO3

~3 ml conc. HFDry up

~3 ml conc. HNO3 & HClO4

Dry up

Repeat 3 times

~200

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Al.)"/#012304256% 67S AlTUVW$XBY

: OÁ/05 ml ¢£VhѤV)\VBe Kh9XHNO3!¥¦ K[Ó"10 ml ÌÍÛÌÍÛÕ%ÌÍÛqK9X

\XhÑ# conc. HNO3ÃGQ¢£V¤GØÎ#Gh=,; ¶T¢£VFOÁ/0#conc. HNO33.7 ml»7S(; MQ 6.3 ml»7S(; º¬k@ÏtH3I#9(ksC%/0Àw#¥9'!wxk@lÉиÎ'(G,"; hÑFMQ 90 mlS(;

ÌÍÛöX!/0l+X";

¥hQ9\:\q; ÌÍÛ§YGQÌÍÛÑ#ÏtÒB%§Yu°¨q; /0¥h 2.5 ml MCÌÍÛG¢£V¤Gh=,;hBeKh9X§;hÆz»Ó#7,D@Ô|P(; /0¥h 2.5 mlÕ3!~7.5 ml"ÌÍÛ#M'; ¢£V¤/0ÖG#×Ø'(G; ÌÍÛ#§YÒBÙq; ÌÍÛ§Y%*§%Fµ¶;

¤V)\V!~150°C"F/0JKOÁrB(; OÁC%Z*#¦¶'(;

~100 g sol.

7.5 mlaliquot

3.7 ml conc. HNO3

6.3 ml MQ

Leave for hours

90 ml MQ

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789%:;

FeMnNPPZ[\.]^_M`abcde(R )

: OÁ/0DOWEX 1-X8 100–200 mesh i\ :!25 ml":Õ%hT\VÏÚÛÜV100 ml PTFE 9\:\5 ml ¢£VMQ=9XUg¶VhÑPFAV¤V)\VHCÝ!¥¦ K[Ó"H2O2!¥¦ K[Ó" : Þ¶ßX×Øàá!DOWEX 1-X8 100–200 mesh"=FK¹#çK'(QyCâ#![25

ml × (:lã1)]M6"PQô'; MQ St9|äåCG@t¸ÎC%ÓC°æ%(;KçoDQzktk(F=F^Q_';àá#Éèk(Âz+(¾Ug¶VÄFPQ.t; ::Õ%#º¬lYVC:Ü#héÜVYV'(; i\ÃPQôC:Ó#B(;MQ FÇGC¯êëF7@#C%\6 MQ>C%ìk¹­®#C%t; 25 ml hÑFÑQPQôÑí,ê:#>C¯FhéÎ#î7(; :# MQ :D'GotàᢣVFaC:#¸9#Í­rB%,t;àá?#ï:Dðño?çzk,d#;DàáÓz¨7#k(d#; hT\VÏÚÛYV;:GT\V#òêöXC%t; !"#$ : :Ü#héÜVYV;ÏÚÛ¨?TOT\VW(; T\V# conc. (12M) HCÝ 25 ml!1:":(;¨?TóôC%Wõ$tQóhÆFàáÓïrk,d#>';àáÉzöÊɧG±1; [Ü:#¥¡h>'G|w%Op÷; 0.5M HCݺ¬<!øùØúAB"; 0.5M HCÝ 50 ml!2:">';àáÉzöÊÉ9@ûüÉ#; 9M HCÝ!with 0.1% H2O2"º¬<!øùØúAB"; 9M HCl 30 ml!1.2:">';àáÉz\6öÊɧG±1;

Conditioning 12M HCl (1 column ) 0.5M HCl (2 column ) 9M HCl w 0.1% H2O2 (1.2 column ) Sample loading SMP sol. (2+1+1 ml 9M HCl w 0.1% H2O2 ) Elution 9M HCl w 0.1% H2O2 (1.2 column )

25 ml column DOWEX 1-X8 100–200 mesh

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!"#$ %&''' OÁ/0$D 200 ml PTFE9\:\#¶T¢£VF 9 M HCÝ!with 0.1% H2O2" 2 mlS¥¦rB(!¥hý!III"TTþÂ[FeClx](x−3)−#$%É+(,XXþÂ#$%ß)XÉ#"; /0lUg¶V 9M HCl!0.1% H2O2"FGh=,; 100 ml PTFE 9\:\#öX;

()*+" ,-.:ÜhéÜVöXCD PTFE 9\:\#PQS(; Ug¶VF 200 ml PTFE 9\:\?/0¥ht9|äå:ÏÚÛ»C%/0¥hàáÓ#¸9#B(; 200 ml PTFE 9\:\# 9M HCl!with 0.1% H2O2" 1 ml:Ug¶VGGh#'',F#:#>';l<hdØ6^Q_';

Ug¶V/0ÖG#S(G; \6ÏÚÛPQ9M HCl!with 0.1% H2O2" 30 ml!1.2:">';

·§V?#¤V)\VYV; ¥¡h$D 100 ml PTFE 9\:\~150·FJKOÁrB(;

:Ü#héÜVYVCMQ 50 mlM6>'; hhYX§; àá·§V?FOPrB%9@efU¤×GC%æ%(;

/0123.hÑK,%PFAV#¥¦ K[Ó conc. HCl!12M">18.2 MΩ MQFøùC%<;Gh=,ksÖC%#7t(G;ÈLMFh;

456789:;/0<

HCl : MQ Øã+DQX !:" º¬!25 ml: 8ãG|; HCl + MQ"

12 M HCl =conc.HCl 1 200 ml

0.5 M HCl 1 : 23 2 >400 ml!20 + 460 ml" 9 M HCl

† 3 : 1 2.6 >520 ml !450 + 150 ml"!+ ~2.0 ml H2O2"

† ~0.1%6#k(dconc.(30%)H2O2¬;

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<89%:; f^_M`abcgde!Bhij. Be, Al kh

: OÁ/0DOWEX 50W-X8 100–200 mesh i\ :!25 ml":Õ%hT\VÏÚÛÜV100 ml & 200 ml PTFE 9\:\50 mli9X5

ml ¢£VMQ =9XUg¶VhÑPFA V¤V)\VHCÝ!¥¦ K[Ó"H2O2!¥¦ K[Ó" LMG#¶ßX×Øàá!DOWEX 50W-X8":#AYV'(; øù<p÷¾Ð#!p÷¥¡h>C%,(Ð#"; !"#$ . :Ü#hé9XYV; 6M HCÝ 100 ml!4:":#>'; àá­zy'(; MQ 50 ml!2:":#>'; àá­zû#(;

!"#$ %&... OÁ/0$D 200 ml PTFE 9\:\#¶T¢£VF0.5M HCÝ!with 0.1% H2O2"2 mlS¥¦rB(; Ug¶V 0.5M HCl!0.1% H2O2"FGh=,; 100 ml & 200 ml PTFE 9\:\(:lÕ2 )#öX;/0 ID¾Be/AlW8tG; 50 mli9X(:lÕ2 )#öX;/0ID¾Be/AlW8tG;

()*+" .:ÜhÜVF,; Ug¶VF200 ml PTFE9\:\?/0¥ht9|äå:ÏÚÛ»C%/0¥hàáÓ#¸9#B(; 200 ml PTFE 9\:\# 0.5 M HCl!with 0.1% H2O2" 1 ml:Ug¶VGGh#'',F#:#>';l<hdØ6^Q_';Ug¶V/0ÖG#S(G; ,-.0.5M HCl!with 0.1% H2O2" 96 ml :!Sample sol.G+$B% 4:">';

Conditioning 6M HCl (4 column ) MQ (2 column ) Sample loading SMP sol. (2+1+1 ml 0.5M HCl w 0.1% H2O2 ) Elution 0.5M HCl w 0.1% H2O2 (total 4 column) 1.2M HCl (1.8+4 column) The latter 4 frac. for Be 3M HCl (1+2+0.8 column) The middle 2 frac. for Al

25 ml column DOWEX 50-X8 100–200 mesh

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:ÜhéÜVöXCD 50 ml i9X!Be"#PQS(; 1.2M HCl 45 ml!1.8:">';ÆÜi9X§YC%'Û; :Üi9X!Be"öXCD 200 ml PTFE 9\:\!Be"#PQS(; 1.2M HCl 100 ml!4:">'; ÆÜ¥¡h$DPTFE9\:\!Be"¤V)\V!·§V?; ~150·"FJKOÁrB(;

:Ü#öXCD 50 ml i9X!Al"YV; 3M HCl 25 ml!1:">'; :Üi9X!Al"öXCD 100 ml PTFE 9\:\!Al"#PQS(; 3M HCl 50 ml!2:">'; ÆÜ¥¡h$D PTFE 9\:\!Al"¤V)\V!·§V?; ~150 ·"FJKOÁrB(; :Ü#=s 50 ml i9X!Al"\6YV; 3M HCl 20 ml!0.8:">'; ÆÜi9X§YC%'Û;

:Ü#héÜVYVCMQ 50 mlM6>'; hhYX§; àá·§V?FOPrB%9@efU¤×GC%æ%(; hT\VÏÚÛMQF,FZ*#:%t;

=5678>?@Conditioning Elution

6M

HCl × 4 column

0.5M HCl

w 0.1% H2O2

× 4 column (Total)

× 1.8 column MQ × 2 column

1.2M HCl

× 4 column Be frac.

Sample loading & linsing × 1 column

× 2 column Al frac. 2+1+1 ml 0.5M HCl

w 0.1% H2O2

3M HCl

× 0.8 column

=56789:;/0<

HCl : MQ Øã+DQX !:" º¬!25 ml: 8ãG|;

HCl + MQ" 6 M HCl 1 : 1 4 >800 ml!420 + 420 ml"

0.5 M HCl† 1 : 23 4 >800 ml!40 + 920 ml"!+ ~3.2 ml H2O2"

1.2 M HCl 1 : 9 5.8 >1200 ml!30 + 270 & 100 + 900 ml" 3 M HCl 1 : 3 3.8 >800 ml!200 + 600 ml"

† ~0.1%6#k(dconc.(30%)H2O2¬'(;

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=>?@

BeOHlm(RnoBCplmqrDs.tuv 5

: OÁBeCl2/0]XPTFE§%Y\10 mlÌÍÛÌÍÛÕ%Z¸&\5 ml ¢£VUg¶V!/0l×2"Be Kh9X MQ Ki9XK PFA VHNO3!¤i©&K"NH4OH!¥¦ K" K PFAV# 3M NH4OH3M HNO3øùhdØã#=FK<; ]X§%Y\=FKF=F; =,CD¢£VFOÁ/0!BeCl2"$D 50 ml PTFE 9\:\# 3M HNO3 2

ml:/0t¥9'; ÌÍÛ#öX

50 ml PTFE 9\:\/0¥hUg¶VF]X#MC#§%YXC%ÌÍÛ#M'; ¢£VF 50 ml PTFE9\:\#MQ 1 ml:Ug¶VGGh#'',F#ÌÍÛ#M';l<hdØ6^Q_';Ug¶V]X/0ÖG#S(G;

¢£VFÌÍÛ# 3M NH4OH 4 ml:Z¸&\FGd'(;Be(OH)2zÍ; Ì`¡!2500 RPM; 10 min"; ÓC° Beh9X§;

M¢£VFÌÍÛ# 3M HNO3 2 ml:Z¸&\FGdC% Be(OH)2¥9'; ÓHæÍÌ`¡ÓC°ël<^Q_';

Be(OH)2

Precipitation

Dissolve

Be(OH)2

4 ml

3 M

NH4OH

Be(OH)2

Precipitation

SMP sol.

2 ml 3 M

HNO3 &

1 ml MQA2

4 ml

3 M

NH4OH

2 ml

3 M

HNO3

Centrifuge &

decantation

Final Be(OH)2

Precipitation

Centrifuge &

decantation

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!A

Be, Al wxyxz|&~0

: AlOÁ/0BeÍ/0¢XYVUg¶V1 ml M¢£VMQ9X 9\:\ ¹¤V)\V:Ü\Â)Xi9X

BeBCDE3·§V?tcdCDBe OÁK¤V)\VGÅFµY÷\FÔ,D:Ü\YV; Ug¶VFt=FCDMQFqt''; Z 9\:\¤V)\VÓ#Ê/0Î%÷\V#Hr'(; ÌÍÛ9@ Be(OH)2Ug¶VF 9\:\#MC%,t;º¬k@Ì`¡FÌÍÛ8#­rB% ,ô'<!^Q_';Ø6# 9\:\#Q|@k,¾¨yC"GCD+G\¬^Q_'; 80·F%¨"G';#$#ab!%&F6Ó']k,G"; O,%|D@ 150·M6#F6Ó'%N#¨z"G'; /0zOÁCD@Â)XÜL!æp\ëéμ~´HrG"#MC(# ¹F§Y'(;§Y(#9)BÂ)X?#YV; 6-7ÐCBeO§G1rB(; zSD@*§%F¦¶´Á&C%'Û;F|(ê'#)UËd;

AlBCDE3OÁ AlCl3/0$D 50 ml PTFE 9\:\#¶T¢£VF 0.5 ml MQ¬; Be#÷\V#Î8,%:Ü\|¤V)\VÓFOPrB(; /0zOÁCD@§KZ*¹Ó#Ê!æp\ëéμ~´HrG" ¹F§YCD(#§#:(; 900·F 1 h CAl2O3§G1rB(; zSD@*§%F¦¶´Á&C%'Û;F|(ê'#)UËd;

~80 °C

Be: >400 °C ~7 min with a microwave Al: ~900 °C, 1 h with a muffle kiln

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Al chemistry

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BC3

Be, Al wxyxAMSQtJQ#IQ-X

: BeO/0Al2O3/0)UU*\+,:-\·¢XYVZ§.¶\XpßQX/QX )UU*\:-\·#0&=FC%OP;

UpU¢)U-\XöX¤µY÷\Fcd; Z§.¶w#1t;.ÂYV; ¢XYVç$%)U2°Õ%Ê%,t; Z*#öX; /0Kß+(,/QXKU*\mn; Z§.¶ 10 cm35!Õ/0l"#jQ/0 W<!]\V<$%t;

Up\Xp#PQS(!Ü PEp7D#'(G,"; \XöX¤?# W<!]\V 14)U 1YVU*\ 1ãmn; 9\:\¶PQ/056(;ß+(,/QXKU*\ç$%Be¾# BeO:Nb = 2:1Al¾# Al2O3:Ag = 1:1i9k­7F8QX¬C/0KU*\Ftäå(; !ß+(,/QXKU*\&X#9:k,d#" /0QX)UT\V?#ÇGC¯°)U8<!]\VÓFYC%/0:-\·?#A(; )U¢XC¯F)U-#YVC\3z:(F)U'(;/0zyk,¾ß+(,/QXyT\V?#ÇGC¯°YC%\)U; )U?9@:-\·PQôCZ*#'Û; /0QXz$%,D@Oç$%:-\·°×ØC)U^Q_'; çKCD)UU*\Z§.¶<!;ÖGef;#<¡;

\XpPQS%<!/0ÖG#^Q_';

w%/0)UC$$D@\XöX¤?=>?rB;½@=FC%OPrB(;

!! 10Be-26

Al-AMS

Al Be

Al2O3 : Ag

= 1 : 1~0.8

BeO : Nb

= 2 : 1

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?@DE FGH9 2 L PPI*: ¨;¨§]XA=B´]CQ=,A¨;¨§]XA¨;¨Õ2AMQÕ2AOP

PTFE J: ¨;¨§]XA§´]CQ=,A¨;¨AMQ A:-H3I=FAMQAOP

KL: ¨;¨§]XA=B´]+DÇUgXCQ=,A¨;¨AMQA:-H3I=FAMQAMQ'ÛE#F'

MN+OPQR: MQA:-H3I=FAMQAOP

ISJOPPTUVOWX: MQA:-H3I=FAMQAOP

Y$KLJOKLZ: ¨;¨§]XA=BDÇUgXCQ=,A¨;¨AMQA§TX9\:\?F-MQ!>18.2 MΩ"H3I=FAMQAOP

[\: §TX9\:\?F!ÖtG,"-MQ!>18.2 MΩ"H3I=FAYVXH3I=FÕ2AOP

)]^X : *\H¦!¢XIz$DhJ:zP:k,h"A§´DÇUgXCQ=,AK-U*\þLTFCQ=,A¨;¨AMQ AMQH3I=FAYVXH3I=FÕ2AOP