language. aim: where are english-language speakers distributed? do now: what is language? be very...
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Language
AIM: where are English-Language speakers distributed?
• Do Now: What is language? Be very specific with your definition
• SWBAT – List the regions of the
world where English is the official or predominant language
– Explain why English is the most common official language
– Define and identify dialects in the US
Key Terms
• Language: system of communication through speech; a collection of sounds that group of people understands to have the same meaning
• Literary tradition: system of written communication
English Facts
• 1st language of 328 million • Spoken fluently by ½-1 billion more people• Official language in 57 countries• 1/3 of the world lives in a country with English
as the Official Language
Q: Is English America’s official language?Q: Why do so many countries have English as an official language if not everyone in that country speaks it?
Places England has NOT Invaded
England’s Empire
AIM: How did English Originate?
• Do Now (12/3/15) Read the article and answer the following question
• How do dialects originate?
• SWBAT– Understand how English
formed as a language– Describe how English
has evolved over time– Identify key differences
between British and American English
– Explain how dialects originate
How did English originate in England?
• England is a Germanic Language • Invading tribes from Denmark and Germany
invaded the British Isles and pushed the Celtic speaking tribes into northern/western parts of Britain – Angles, Saxons, the Jutes
Why is English different from German?
• Subsequent invasions from different groups enriched/changed the language– Norse Invasion (Vikings)– Norman Invasion in 1066 (Normandy, France):
French becomes the official language of England for 300 years
AIM: Why is English related to Other Languages?
• Do Now: Guess the meaning of the following British phrases– Lost the plot– I haven’t seen that in donkey’s years– He’s such a chav– You’ve thrown a spanner in the works– That’s manky– This is an absolute doodle to do
Differences between American and British English
• Vocabulary– New animals, inventions, etc
• Spelling– Need for an independent identity– Webster
• Pronunciation – Isolation of America
Key Terms
• Dialect: regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
• Isogloss: a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
• Standard language: dialect of language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
American Dialects Activity
• Take the American Dialect Quiz• Online: • http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/
2013/12/20/sunday-review/dialect-quiz-map.html?_r=1&
U.S. Dialects
• 2 important isoglosses separate the East Coast into the Northern, Midlands, and Southern regions
• The Northern and Southern dialects sound unusual to the majority of Americans– Most Westward Expansion settlers came from the
Mid-Atlantic States
Key Terms
• Language Family: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded time
• Language Branch: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
What family is English part of?
• English is part of the Indo-European family• Broken down into 8 branches – Indo-Iranian, Romance, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic
are spoken the most– Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic are the less
spoken branches
Activity: Mapping the Germanic Branch
• Read the Germanic-Branch of Indo-European section
• Map out the Germanic Branch• You may want to write in pencil!
AIM: What are the main branches of the Indo-European language?
• Do Now: What is the difference between a language family, language branch, and language group. Give an example of each
• SWBAT – Identify the main branches of the Indo-European
family– Review their vocabulary term for tomorrow– Understand the linguistic diversity of India
Indo-Iranian Branch
• Divided into 2 sections: Indic (Eastern) and Iranian (Western)
Indic (Eastern Group) of Indo-Iranian Language Branch
• Widely-used languages in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
• India=language diversity– Over 400 languages spoken! – Official language: Hindi and English – 22 “scheduled” languages
India (continued)
• Hindi– One official way to write, hundreds of ways to
speak• Urdu– Spoken like Hindi, but with an Arabic alphabet
Iranian Group of Indo-Iranian
• Iran/neighboring countries in SW Asia (Middle East)
• Major languages:– Persian/Farsi: Iran– Pashto: eastern Afghanistan /Western Pakistan – Kurdish: spoken by the Kurds ethnic group in
western Iran, northern Iraq, and Eastern Turkey
Balto-Slavic Branch
• 4 divisions: East Slavic, West Slavic, South Slavic, and a Baltic group
• Major Languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech and Slovak
Romance Branch
See other powerpoint
Origin: Proto-Indo-European
• Thought to be the original language• Controversy over where it started • 2 theories: nomadic warrior thesis and
sedentary farmer thesis
Nomadic Warrior Thesis
• Marija Gimbutas• First speakers: Kurgan people • Origin: between Russia and Kazakhstan• Nomadic herders• Domesticated horses and used them to take
over much of Europe/Asia
Sedentary Farmer Thesis
• Colin Renfrew• Eastern Anatolia (Turkey)• Diffused with agriculture practices• Number of people who spoke the language
grew as the country moved to stage 2 of the DTM
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