larry flowers nrel’s national wind technology center boulder, … · 2007-06-25 · germany 1%...
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Offshore Wind Energy TechnologyOffshore Wind Energy Technology
Larry FlowersLarry FlowersNREL’sNREL’s National Wind Technology Center National Wind Technology Center
Boulder, ColoradoBoulder, Colorado
NSCL Great Lakes Legislators Wind InstituteJune 16, 2007Ann Arbor, MI
Better wind resourcesReduced turbulence – steadier windHigher wind speed/ energy production
Aesthetics – Greater distances minimize visual impacts.Shorter transmission distances
Proximity to high cost load centersAccess to less heavily loaded lines
Avoid onshore size constraintsShipping – onshore roadway limitsErection – crane limitsLarger machines are more economical.
Offshore Wind BenefitsOffshore Wind Benefits
Wind Energy Cost TrendsWind Energy Cost Trends
1981: 40 cents/kWh
• Increased Turbine Size• R&D Advances• Manufacturing
Improvements
2006: 4 - 6 cents/kWh2012: 3.6 cents/kWh
2006: 9.5 cents/kWh
2014: 5 cents/kWh
• Multi-megawatt Turbines• High reliability systems• Infrastructure Improvements
Land-based Offshore
Wind Turbine SizeWind Turbine Size
Status of Offshore Wind Status of Offshore Wind
Offshore 804-MW of 60,000 MW+ world-wide – less than 2%11-GW+ offshore is projected for 2010Offshore has affected current onshore systemsOffshore will continue to influence European markets.
Sweden3%
Netherlands2%
Ireland3%
Germany1%
Denmark53%
United Kingdom
38%
United States5%
France1%
Canada6%
Belguim2%
Poland1%
Finland2%
Denmark3%
Germany49%
Ireland6%
Netherlands2%
Sweden4%
Spain4%
United Kingdom15%
Current -804-MW Future – 2010
Offshore Technology StatusOffshore Technology StatusOffshore Technology• In the initial development and
demonstration stage; 19 Projects, 900 MW Installed, shallow water
• 3 – 5 MW Upwind Configuration• 80+ Meter Towers on Monopoles• Three stage hybrid planetary-helical
gearbox • Full Span Pitch Control• Advanced Controls for Load
Dampening• Full Power Conversion• Steel Tapered & Lattice Towers
Performance• Average 40% Capacity Factor• Technology Development,
Deployment & Demonstration Stage; Availability & Cost Are Not Well Established
GE 3.6 MW TurbineArklow Banks
Seimens 2.3 MW TurbinesMiddlegrunden, DK
Vestas 2.0 MW TurbineHorns Rev, DK
Talisman Energy: Repower 5-MWBeatrice Fields, Scotland
Source: Wind Directions, September 2004
Location of Existing Location of Existing Offshore Installations WorldwideOffshore Installations Worldwide
Sweden3%
Netherlands2%
Ireland3%
Germany1%
Denmark53%
United Kingdom
38%
804-MW Installed Dec 2005
http://www.hamburg-messe.de/Scripte/allgemein_Info/Bestellung_DEWI-Studie/Studie_WindEnergy_en.htm?menu=Visitor
Predicted Growth of German Wind Energy MarketsPredicted Growth of German Wind Energy Markets
US Projects ProposedUS Projects Proposed
Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Cape Wind AssociatesWinergy
LIPA & FPL
W.E.S.T. LLC
Hull Municipal
Southern Company
Superior Renewable
No offshore wind projects installed in the US yet.
New JerseyDelaware
Project State MWCapewind MA 420LIPA NY 150Winergy (plum Island) NY 10Southern Company GA 10W.E.S.T. TX 150Superior Renewable TX 500Buzzards Bay MA 300New Jersey NJ 300Hull Municipal MA 15Delaware DE 600Total 2455
US Offshore Projects
Buzzards Bay
Land-based sites are not close to coastal load centers
Load centers are close to offshore wind sites
Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind
Why Offshore Wind ?Why Offshore Wind ?
Graphic Credit: GE Energy
US Population Concentration U.S. Wind Resource
28 coastal states use 78% of the electricity in US
Wind Energy Potential by Depth5 - 50 Nautical Miles Offshore
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
16030 60 90 12
0
150
180
210
240
270
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
>900
Depth (m)
Pote
ntia
l (G
W)
New EnglandMid-AtlanticGreat LakesCaliforniaPacific Northwest
2012 2015 2020
Depth MattersDepth Matters
Today’s Technology will work in the red areas
Great LakesGreat Lakes
2010 Costs w/ PTC, $1,600/MW-mile, w/o Integration costs
- 100 200 3000
20
40
60
80
100
120
Quantity Available, GW
Leve
lized
Cos
t of E
nerg
y, $
/MW
h
Onshore
Class 6
Class 4
Class 7
Class 5
Class 3
Offshore
Class 6
Class 4
Class 7
Class 5
Class 3
Offshore Wind Technology Development
Shallow Transitional
Deep
Photo: R. ThresherPhoto: GE Energy
Monopiles at Arklow Banks Wind Farm
7 - 3.6 MW Turbines
Offshore Wind EconomicsOffshore Wind Economics• Only about 1/3 of the cost is in the production of the turbine• US projects may be feasible with incentives• Costs need to decrease
ElectricalInfrastructure
15%
Operation andMaintenance
25%
SupportStructure
24%
Engineering and
Management3%
Turbine33%
(Typical numbers derived from NREL cost modeland CA-OWEE report 2001)
4545--m Depth Offshore Demonstration Project m Depth Offshore Demonstration Project Talisman Energy in Beatrice FieldsTalisman Energy in Beatrice Fields
• 5-MW Rating• 61.5-m blade length (LM Glasfibres)• RePower 5-MW - Worlds Largest Turbine
• Two machines 45-m Water Depths
Offshore Turbine ReliabilityOffshore Turbine Reliability
Credit: GE Energy
• Design turbines that need less maintenance.• Design for in-situ repair• Develop condition monitoring and advanced self-
diagnostic systems to minimize collateral damage and down-time.
Minimize Work at SeaMinimize Work at Sea
• Lower Installation costs (up to 20% of total project) Garrad-Hassan
• Widen weather windows • Reduce large vessel dependency• Improve forecasting
Wind/Wave Performance Wind/Wave Performance and Design Requirements and Design Requirements
Capewind MET Tower 60-m
• Meteorological Tower• Wind Resources• Physical Ocean • Site Monitoring Begins Early
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 5 10 15 20
Vindhastighed
Bølgehøjde
Wind speed
Wav
e he
ight
Credit : Risoe
Horns Rev MET Tower
Offshore Project Development Depends on Accurate Long Term
Knowledge of the Wind Speed
Ice Floes Can Introduce Ice Floes Can Introduce Significant Design Significant Design
ChallengesChallenges
Credit: Wind Power Monthly Cover PhotoFeb 2003
Shallow Water (0 – 30m) Energy Potential
Offshore Wind Energy Technology Offshore Wind Energy Technology Challenges & FutureChallenges & Future
• Regulatory, community acceptance, supply
• Cost Reduction (25% - 35%: $2400 $1800/kw)
– Reliability– Light weight rotor/nacelle
assemblies (high tip speed, down wind, flexible blades)
– Larger turbines (5 – 10 MW)– Innovative low cost support
structures (shallow & medium depth first)
– Long term: floating platforms (after extensive research and offshore experience)
Environmental & Siting ChallengesEnvironmental & Siting Challenges
• Reasonable siting requirements
• Public perception & involvement
• Scientific research & peer review
• Risk analysis• Interagency leadership on
energy policy• Lessons learned
Overview of the Danish Overview of the Danish Monitoring ProgramMonitoring Program
• Sea mammals – harbor porpoises and seals• Fish• Birds• Hydrography• Coastal effects• Artificial reef• Socioeconomics• Community acceptance• Noise emissions• Temperature gradients around the cables• Electromagnetic fields• Benthic fauna• Viewshed
The Elements of a The Elements of a Viable Permitting ProcessViable Permitting Process
• Solve the leadership void– States, local, regional
• Define the need and the utility interest
• Develop a siting process– Streamline permitting
needs– Well-sited demonstrations
lead to big payoffs– Avoid sensitive habitats– Focus on industrialized
locations• Process evolves with
experience– Just do it – expedite pilots
Source: B. Ram, Energetics
RecommendationsRecommendations• Identify the lead agencies
and the roles they will play• Gather baseline information
– Wind resources/Ecology– Research partnerships
• Establish a knowledgebase for comparative risks and benefits of energy options
• Devise state siting strategies &sustained public involvement
• Move forward applying lessons learned from Europe and the U.S.
Source: B. Ram, Energetics
Carpe Ventem
www.windpoweringamerica.gov
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