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LAWS314StatutoryInterpretationREQUIREDREADING
LAWS314:StatutoryInterpretationTextbook:StatutoryInterpretationbyMichelleSanson2nded
Week1:IntroductiontoStatutoryInterpretationandCreationofLegislationChapter1:IntroductiontoStatutoryInterpretation……………………………….……….1Chapter2:CreationofLegislation……………………………………………………………………1
Week2:InterpretationLegislationChapter3:InterpretationLegislation………………………………………………………………3
Week3:ContextandPurposeChapter4:ContextandPurpose…………….……………….………………………………………8
Week4:IntentionandInterpretiveTechniquesChapter5:IntentionandInterpretiveTechniques……….……………….………….…….11
Week5:IntrinsicMaterialsChapter6:IntrinsicMaterials–StatuteComponents…………….……………………….13Chapter7:IntrinsicMaterials–TheText…………………………………………………………15
Week6:ExtrinsicMaterialsChapter8:ExtrinsicMaterials…………….…………………………………………………………..19
Week7:TraditionalCommonLawApproachesChapter9:TraditionalCommonLawApproaches………………….………………………..23
Week8:StatutoryPresumptionsChapter10:StatutoryPresumptions….……………………….……………………….………….26
Week9:FundamentalandHumanRightsChapter11:FundamentalandHumanRights…………………………………………………..30
Week10:InternationalLawinStatutoryInterpretationChapter12:InternationalLawinStatutoryInterpretation………….……………………34
Week11:InterpretingSpecificInstrumentsChapter13:InterpretingSpecificInstruments…………….……………………………………37
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LAWS314:StatutoryInterpretationStatutoryInterpretationbyMichelleSanson2ndedition
Week1:IntroductiontoStatutoryInterpretationandCreationofLegislation
Chapter1:IntroductiontoStatutoryInterpretation
Legislation• Legislationisthepredominantsourceoflawappliedbyjudgesinthecommonlawwords.• Mostlawissetdowninlegislationandcasesinterpretingtheirprovisions,whichiswhylawyersneed
advancedstatutoryinterpretationskills.• Throughlegislation,Parliamentcommunicateswhatitexpectsindividualsandcorporationtodoand
refrainformdoing.Thecourt’sroleininterpretation• Primaryresponsibilityofacourtininterpretationisresolvingadisputeoverthemeaningofwords.• Roleofthecourtsislimitedbytheseparationofpowers–canonlyruleonlegislationasitstands.• Acourtcannotimprove,rewriteordevelopastatute.• Courtmustinterpretstatuteinlightofitscontextandpurpose.• Generallytreatstatutesasthesuperiorsourceoflaw(asopposedtothecommonlaw).• Modernapproachtointerpretationisthepurposiveapproach.Interpretationvconstruction• Oftenusedinterchangeably.• Besttouse‘interpretation’toworkoutthemeaningofasinglewordorphraseand‘construction’to
construethemeaningofawholeprovision.Historyofstatutoryinterpretation• 14thcentury–thenotionofparliamentarysovereigntygivingstatutelawsuperiorityovercommonlaw
cameaboutandcourt’srealisedstatuteswerebindingandthereneededtobeguidelinesforinterpretingthem.
• NewSouthWalesAct1823(Imp)establishedtheNSWSC.• ThefirstChiefjusticehadtoapplycolonialpracticesandcustoms,withoutthebenefitofcolonial
legislation,inlightofEnglishstatutesandcommonlaw.• AustralianConstitutionsAct(No1)1842(Imp):establishedarepresentativelegislatureinAustralia.• ColonialLawsValidityAct1865(Imp):repugnancydoctrine–anylawsinconsistentwithEnglishlaw
werestruckdown.• Repugnancydoctrineappliedupuntil1942atCommonwealthleveland1986atStatelevel.• Upuntilthe1980’sthecourtsfocusedonreplicatingwhatcouldbeexpectedfromanEnglishcourt.• Interpretationlegislationsetuppathforacoherentbodyoflawrelatingtostatutoryinterpretation.
Chapter2:CreationofLegislation
Legislativepower• Constitutionsarethefontofpowerforthelegislature,executiveandjudicature.• Federallegislativepowersarelimitedtotheheadofpowerins51oftheConstitution.Draftingstyles• 2approachestodrafting:• Draftingageneralprovisionandleavingthecourtstodeterminetheapplicationofastatuteandacase
bycasebasisembodyingtheprocessesofthecommonlaw;
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• Draftingadetailedprovisionsoastoprovideaclearandcomprehensivelawthatwillminimisethescopeforjudicialdiscretionandinterpretation.
PlainEnglishdrafting• Inasocietywhereignoranceofthelawisnoexcuseandwherelegaladvicecostsmoneytohave
legislationthatisincomprehensibleexcepttothoselegallytrained.• PlainEnglishdraftinghasdevelopedasaresultoftheviewthatlegislationshouldbecomprehensibleto
theaverageperson.• PlainEnglishdraftingfavoursasimpleandstraightforwardstyle,usinglanguagethatisdirectand
familiar,gettingridofunnecessarywordsandavoidinglongandcomplicatedsentences.• Inpractice,itisextremelydifficulttodraftlegislationinplainEnglish.Draftingconventions• Draftlegislationtakesastandardform.• Actsuniformlycommencewithalongtitleandthewords‘theParliamentenacts’,followedby
substantiveclauses.• Theclausesmaybegroupedusingheadingssuchas‘Chapter’or‘Part’.• Attheendofsubstantiveclausestheremaybeschedules.• Draftlegislationmustbeintheexactforminwhichitwillbepassed.• Draftersuseavarietyofexpressionstorepresenttherelationshiptowardsdifferententities,peopleor
things,i.e,‘withrespect’,‘inrelationto’,‘bywayof’etc.Parliamentaryprocedures• BillsmaybeinitiatedintheHouseofRepresentativesortheSenate.• Mostbillsaregovernmentbills,asopposedtoprivatememberbills,andareintroducedbytheMinister
responsiblefortheportfoliocoveringthatsubjectmatter.• BillisaccompaniedbyanexplanatorymemorandumsignedbytheMinister,whichexplainsthe
proposedlawandsummarisesitscontents.• Billsmustbeaccompaniedbya‘statementofcompatibility’thatassessesthelegislation’scomplianceor
interferencewithkeyhumanrightsinstruments.• Variousstagesinvolvedinthepassageofabill:initiation,firstreading,secondreading,referral(to
committeeetc),adoption,thirdreading,transmissiontootherhouseforconcurrence,billmaybereturnedtohouseinwhichitoriginatedasisorwithamendments,presentedbytheAttorney-GeneralforassentbytheGovernor-General.
• Atthetimeofassent,thebillbecomesanActofParliament.
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Week2:InterpretationLegislation
Chapter3:InterpretationLegislation
Introduction• Inaccordancewiththedoctrineofparliamentarysovereignty,anyrulessetdownbyParliamentprevail
overanyconflictingcommonlawrulesofStatutoryInterpretation.• Relevantlegislation:• ActsInterpretationAct1901(Cth);• InterpretationofLegislationAct1984(Vic).
• Actsapplyequallytoprimaryanddelegatedlegislation(Vics4&Cths2).• InterpretationActshavetwomainfunctions:• Theycontaingenericprovisionsthatapplytoalllegislationunlessthelegislationspecifiesotherwise;• Theycontaininstructionstothecourtstoconsiderthepurposeofthelegislationand,whererelevant,
extrinsicmaterials.• CthActs2(2):TheActandanyofitsprovisionsapplyunlessacontraryintentionappearsinaspecific
Act.
Gender• Gender-neutrallanguage–legislationisaddressedequallytopeopleofdifferentgenders.• InterpretationActsprovidethatwherelegislationuses‘he’includes‘she’andviceversa.• CthActs23(a)(Vics37(a)):‘wordsimportingagenderincludeeveryothergender’.
Age• S37ACthAct:‘thetimeatwhichapersonattainsaparticularageexpressedinyearsisthe
commencementoftherelevantanniversaryofthedateofbirthofthatperson’(i.eturn18at12amonthe18thanniversaryoftheirbirth).
Number• S23(b)CthAct(Vics37(c)(d)):‘wordsinthesingularnumberincludethepluralandwordsintheplural
numberincludethesingular’.• Example:ifaprovisionsaysitisanoffencetodischargea/onebombinasupermarket,itwouldalso
coverdischargingmorethanonebomb.
Distance• WhereanActspecifiedthatsomethingmustbe,forexample,500kilometresfromacertainplace,this
distanceismeasuredinasinglestraightline,andnotaccordingtodrivingonroadswhichmaybendetc.• S35CthAct(Vics43):InthemeasurementofanydistanceforthepurposesofanyAct,thatdistance
shall,unlessthecontraryintentionappears,bemeasuredinastraightlineonahorizontalplane.
Time• Timereferstothestandardoflegaltimeintheplacewherethelegislationapplies.• S37CthAct:‘anyreferencetotimeoccurs,suchtimeshall,unlessitisotherwisespecificallystated,be
deemedineachStateorpartoftheCthtomeanthelegaltimeinthatStateorpartoftheCth’.• S22(1)(a)(Vics44):Adaymeansa24hourperiodcommencingamidnight;monthmeansacalendar
month.• IfanActsayssomething‘applies’atacertaindate,thismeansitstartsat12.00.01onthatdate.• Ifsomething‘appliesfrom’acertaindate,thatdateisexcluded.• S36(1)CthAct(Vics44):
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Figure1fromStatutoryInterpretationbySansonpg38
Meaningof‘may’and‘shall’• S33(2a)CthAct&S45(1)VicAct:‘May’confersadiscretion.• S45(2)VicAct:‘Shall’ismandatory.• ProjectBlueSkyIncvAustralianBroadcastingAuthority(1998)194CLR355,[93]:Whendeterminingthe
validityofanactdoneinbreachofastatutoryprovision.‘Abettertestfordeterminingtheissueofvalidityistoaskwhetheritwasapurposeofthelegislationthatanactdoneinbreachoftheprovisionshouldbeinvalid’.
• If‘may’isusedthenitisuptothepowerholderastowhethertoexercisethatpowerornot–thisisnotanabsoluterule,onlyageneralrule.
• Partofthecontextualanalysisgoestoconsiderationoftheconsequenceofapowernotbeingcarriedout,intermsofboththeindividualandthebroaderpublic.
• Morelikelythatadutytoexerciseadiscretionarypowerwillbefoundifthefailuretodosowouldbeunfairorunjustfortheindividual,andofsomepublicdetriment.
• BradleyvCommonwealth(1973)128CLR557:Courthadtodecidewhetherastatutorypowertoprovidepostalandtelephonicfacilitiesconferredadutytoprovidethoseservices.MajoritydeclinedtoaccepttheCth’sargumentthattheprovisionswerepermissiveanddirectory,notobligatorandmandatory,soifsomeone’smailwasnottransmittedordelivered,therewasnorighttoanyredress.
• Whereadiscretionarypowerisgivenbyastatute,itcanbetakenthatthelegislatureintendedthatitbeexercisedreasonably.
• MinisterforImmigrationandCitizenshipvLi(2013)249CLR332:Liwasrefusedaskilledstudentresidentialvisa,andappliedtotheMigrationReviewTribunal(MRT)forareviewofthisdecision.TheMRTdeclinedLi’srequestthattheproceedingsbeadjournedtoallowfortimefortheskillsassessmentbodytoreviewitsownreport,whichcontainedfundamentalerrors.ThreeFederalCourts,includingtheHCA,agreedthatthedecisionwasunreasonable.Whereadiscretionarypowerisconferredbyastatute,itispresumedthatthelegislatureintendedthatdiscretionbeexercisedreasonable,andanyuseofthediscretionthatissounreasonablethatnoreasonabledecision-makercouldhavedonesoisinvalid.
• S25CCthAct:‘WhereanActprescribesaform,then,unlessthecontraryintentionappears,strictcompliancewiththeformisnotrequiredandsubstantialcomplianceissufficient’.
• ProjectBlueSkyIncvAustralianBroadcastingAuthority(1998)194CLR355:ABA,inimplementingastandardthattelevisionmusthaveacertainproportionoflocalAustraliancontent,failedtocomplywithobligationsunderatradeprotocolthatrequiredNZproducerstobetreatednolessfavourablythanAustralianproducers.TheHCAagreedthatthestandardwasinbreachoftheprotocol,butnotinvalid:
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