layers of kidney renal capsule renal cortex renal medulla (renal pyramid) (renal column)

Layers of kidney

Renal capsule

Renal cortex

Renal medulla(Renal pyramid)

(renal column)

Renal artery & vein

Renal pelvis

Minor Calyx (calyces)

Major calyx

Renal papillae

ureter

Nephron

Renal corpuscle

DistalConvolutedTubule

Collecting duct

Proximal ConvolutedTubule

DescendingNephron loop

Ascending Nephron loop

Nephron

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerular (bowman’s)capsule

Glomerulus

Afferent arteriole

Efferent arteriole

Renal corpuscle

UrinalysisCharacteristics

Color – light to dark yellow (urochrome – biproduct of hemoglobin breakdown)

Clarity-clear to cloudyturbid may indicate:

normal: crystals, mucus, vaginal dischargeabnormal: bacteria, blood cells, yeast

Specific gravity (1.003-1.030)below 1.003 may indicate diabetes insipidusabove 1.030 may indicate diabetes mellitus

Substances tested for in urine

Ketones – breakdown of fatty acids seen in diabetes mellitus and anorexia

Bilirubin – Biproduct of hemoglobin breakdown. Taken up by hepatocytes Presence may RBC destruction

Glucose – reabsorbed in PCT. Presence may indicate diabetes mellitus

Proteins – Most are too large to pass through glomerulus. May indicate kidney damage.

Substances tested for in urine

Blood – not present in urine. Presence = infection, kidney stones, damage to glomerulus

Urobilinogen – biproduct of bilirubin breakdown by bacteria. Small amountsmay be in urine

Nitrites – not in urine. May indicate urinary tract infection

pH (range = 4.5-8.0)average = 6.0 acidicHigh pH may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI)Low pH may indicate diabetes mellitus, starvation

Leukocytes – not in urine. May indicate infection

Other tests

Acetest – Tests for Ketones

Ictotests – Tests for Bilirubin

Clinitest – Tests for glucose