lb-2134 emerging anaplasmosis in the upper hudson …€¦ · introduction *anaplasmosis is a...

Introduction*Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne illness transmitted by Ixodes scapularis, the vector of Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi.

*Anaplasmosis, formerly known as Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

*Lyme disease, babesiosis and anaplasmosis are endemic to predominantly the Lower Hudson Valley (LHV) of New York, and rates have steadily increased since 2008.

*From May to September 2011, there was a dramatic increase of anaplasmosis in the Upper Hudson Valley (UHV).

*This study characterizes the demographics, clinical and laboratory features of 15 hospitalized patients with anaplasmosis from the UHV who required hospitalization.

A

1) Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY. 2) Upstate Infectious Disease, Albany, NY.3) Wadsworth Center; New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY.

4) Bureau of Communicable Disease Control; New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY.

Emerging Anaplasmosis in the Upper Hudson Valley, New York, USA Jessica A. Kumar , Ellis Tobin , Alan Sanders , Susan Wong , Linda Gebhardt ,

P. Bryon Backenson , Jennifer White , Gary Lukacik , Philip Palmeri , Anita Kiehl , Kristina Roddy�

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Methods*We designated the UHV to include Albany, Schenectady, Saratoga, Rensselaer and upper Greene and Columbia counties (see map).

*Case definition of Anaplasmosis includes: -Hospitalized patients with a clinically compatible illness and at least one confirmatory laboratory test -Morulae seen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils on peripheral smear -Anaplasma positive PCR of whole blood or serum -Fourfold rise in paired acute and/or convalescent serological titer

*Continuous and categorical variables were described.

*Selected demographics and clinical features and laboratory results were analyzed.

Map of New York State By County.

Results

Reported Cases of Anaplasmosis by Year and County

*2008 2009 2010 **2011

Albany 3 1 4 16

Schenectady 1 2 1 3

Saratoga 1 2

Rensselaer 2 2 6 24

Columbia 20 48 38 53

Greene 4 5 16 10

*2008 2009 2010 **2011

Albany 3 1 4 16

Schenectady 1 2 1 3

Saratoga 1 2

Rensselaer 2 2 6 24

Columbia 20 48 38 53

Greene 4 5 16 10

*First year that Anaplasmosis reporting began in New York State.**Represents incomplete reporting as of November 2011.

Conclusions*There was a significant expansion in the geographic range of anaplasmosis to the UHV.

*Adults >42 years of age were at increased risk for a more severe form of illness.

*Non-specific fever, malaise and fatigue were common presenting symptoms.

*Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver function tests were common presenting laboratory abnormalities.

*Atypical lymphocytosis was present in 87% of patients.

*Testing should include analysis of peripheral smear, PCR and both acute and convalescent serologies.

*Anaplasmosis should be considered in patients presenting with the above clinical symptoms and laboratory findings during the seasons of Ixodes activity.

B

Clinical Results In Hospitalized Patients

*No immunosuppresion, **Rash was absent in all cases, One patient required intensive care.*Three patients had co-infections. -One each with Lyme, Babesia and Epstein-Barr Virus*There were no fatalities.*Once anaplasmosis was suspected doxycycline therapy resulted in rapid clinical improvement. -Defervescence within 24 to 72 hours. -Resolution of cytopenias within 7 days. -Fatigability lasting several weeks was a common sequela.

Age (years) (n=15) Range: 42 to

95

Common Co-morbidities* Degenerative Joint Disease

Tick Bite History 7 patients recalled

Common Symptoms** Fever, Myalgias Intense Fatigue, Chills, Headache

Duration of Symptoms Prior to Hospitalization (days)

Mean: 11.9Median: 7

Range: 1 to 28

Duration of Hospitalization (days)

Mean: 6Median: 4

Range: 2 to 27

Empiric Antibiotics Prior to Hospitalization

14 patients received

antibiotics that lacked anti-Anaplasma activity

Mean: 79.5Median: 67

Heart Disease

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Results (continued)

White Blood Cell Count

x 10 9/L

Initial Mean: 5.1

Lowest Mean: 3.5

Initial Range: 2.1-11.5

Lowest Range: 1.6-6.4

Atypical Lymphocytes

% (n=14)*

Mean: 3.4 Range: 0-8

Platelet Count x 10 9/L Initial Mean: 120.5

Lowest Mean: 73.5

Initial Range: 22-284

Lowest Range: 21-138

AST U/L Initial Mean: 54.3

Highest Mean: 131.2

Initial Range: 11-156

Highest Range: 23-315

ALT U/L Initial Mean: 50.9

Highest Mean: 106.6

Initial Range: 19-109

Highest Range: 19-316

Morulae on Smear (n=12)**

5 patients

Anaplasma PCR (n=10) 10 patients

Acute Serology IgG

(n=8)

5 patients

Convalescent Serology (n=4)

4 patients

I

Laboratory Results In Hospitalized Patients

*Data not available in one patient, **Five patients with (-) smears had (+) PCR, Data not available for one patient.*Early laboratory abnormalities included pancytopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, and elevated liver enzymes.*In those patients presenting within 1 week of illness onset PCR was the most sensitive diagnostic modality.*The sensitivity of morula detection could not be established from this analysis. -Morula detection was not sought prospectively*Serologic analysis was useful when it was obtained most specifically during the convalescent phase of illness.

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Intracytoplasmic morula characteristic of Anaplasmosis

LB-2134

Designed by Michelle Brozowski Snavely