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Leading Our Nation Towards Energy Independence
George SverdrupGeorge SverdrupNational Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy
Laboratory Laboratory --Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure TechnologiesInfrastructure Technologies
Presentation to Stanford University
Global Climate & Energy Program April 14, 2003
U.S. Energy Dependence is Driven By Transportation
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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 22, September 2002,and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2003, January 2003
Mill
ions
of B
a rre
ls p
er D
a y
Domestic ProductionDomestic
Production
Actual Projected
Light Trucks
Heavy Vehicles
Year
Air
MarineMarine
RailOff-roadOff-road
Cars
U.S. Oil Use for Transportation
Pass
enge
r Ve
hicl
es
• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil our nation uses each day.• The U.S. imports 55% of its oil, expected to grow to 68% by 2025 under the status quo.• Nearly all of our cars and trucks currently run on either gasoline or diesel fuel.
President Bush Launches the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
"Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles.
"A simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen generates energy, which can be used to power a car producing only water, not exhaust fumes.
"With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free.
"Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy."
2003 State of the Union AddressJanuary 28, 2003
.
Distributed Generation
TransportationBiomass
HydroWindSolar
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
With
Car
bon
Sequ
estr
atio
n
HIGH EFFICIENCY& RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS
Why Hydrogen? It’s abundant, clean, efficient,and can be derived from diverse domestic resources.
President’s FreedomCAR and Fuel Initiatives
DOE partners with USCAR and energy companies to develop hydrogen and fuel cell technologies simultaneously:
FreedomCAR focuses on fuel cell vehicle and hybrid component technologiesHydrogen Fuel Initiative focuses on hydrogen storage and production and delivery infrastructure technologies
Government leadership will help advance commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and infrastructure by 15 years, from approximately 2030 to 2015.
Goal and Timelinefor the
President’s Hydrogen Initiative
Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell Technologies put on an Accelerated Schedule
• President Bush commits $1.7 billion over first 5 years:
$1.2 billion for hydrogen and fuel cells RD&D ($720 million in new money)$0.5 billion for hybrid and vehicle technologies RD&D
• Accelerated, parallel track enables industry commercialization decision by 2015.
Fuel Cell Vehicles in the Showroom and Hydrogen at Fueling Stations
by 2020
2015
Proposed Decision Criteria:R&D and limited demonstrations results in acceptable durability, 35-55% efficiency, and potential to approach $400/kW. (Projection based on 100,000 units production, exact cost targets depend on specific applications.) Verified by independent audit and testing
Proposed Decision Criteria:Validated Phase 2 systems achieve improved durability, 40-60% efficiency, and assurance that $400/kW can be achieved (Projection based on 100,000 units production, exact cost targets depend on specific applications).
Commercialization:Goals of $400/kW, 40-60%, 5 years stack life and 25 year system life achieved. Industry decides on commercialization.
2000 2005 2008 2012
Large System Demonstration and Commercialization
Fuel Cell/ Turbine HybridsDistributed Generation
Coal Based Central Generation
•Develop stack design•Develop manufacturing methods
•Incorporate lower cost, robust materials
•Optimize system, thermal integration
•Use small system technology in larger hybrid and coal based systems•Hybrid efficiency - 60-70%•Coal based efficiency – 60%
R&D to improve cost, durability and efficiency
Target 2 to 25 MW sited by 2008
R&D to improve cost, durability and efficiency Target: 500 MW sited by 2012
Investment to establish full manufacturing capacity and product
warranty to successfully compete in the market
Go/No GoDecision Points
R&D to establish initial performance and reliability Limited 3 to 50 kW prototype tests
Objectives
Phase 1Cost Reduction/
Technology ImprovementSmall System
Phase 2Cost Reduction/
Technology Improvement/Limited Commercialization
Small System
Phase 3Large Scale
Commercialization/Multiple Applications
Small System
Proposed Decision Criteria:R&D and limited demonstrations results in acceptable durability, 35-55% efficiency, and potential to approach $400/kW. (Projection based on 100,000 units production, exact cost targets depend on specific applications.) Verified by independent audit and testing
Proposed Decision Criteria:Validated Phase 2 systems achieve improved durability, 40-60% efficiency, and assurance that $400/kW can be achieved (Projection based on 100,000 units production, exact cost targets depend on specific applications).
Commercialization:Goals of $400/kW, 40-60%, 5 years stack life and 25 year system life achieved. Industry decides on commercialization.
Stationary and Distributed Generation Partnership Timeline
Go/No-GoDecision Points
Invest in substantial numbers of all stations
to be H2 capable
Provide sufficient stations for consumer convenienceMost cost effective sources by region
Generate hydrogen from multiple feedstocksRenewable & fossil fuels
Demonstrate H2 fueling station; Analyze fuel optionsPrimarily trucked in liquid
Infrastructure ObjectiveandHydrogen Source
Invest to establish manufacturing plants
and sales/service
Demonstrate commercial viability of FC fleet vehicles
Evaluate use of FC vehicles under real-world conditions
Test fuel cell (FC) vehicle performance and feasibility
Vehicle Objective
CommercializationPhase
Phase 3Commercial Readiness
Demonstrations
Phase 2Controlled Fleet
Test and Evaluation
Phase 1Technical Feasibility
Proposed Decision Criteria – Phase 1: Hydrogen vehicles achieve 1000 hrs durability, $200/kW cost (projection based on 500,000 units production), R&D results project 2000 hrs durability, $125/kW, $3.00/gallon gasoline equivalent (untaxed).
Proposed Decision Criteria – Phase 2: Hydrogen vehicles achieve 2000 hrs durability, $125/kW cost (projection based on 500,000 units production) & hydrogen at $3.00/gallon. R&D results project 5000 hrs durability, $45/kW, $1.50-$2.60/gallon gasoline equivalent (untaxed), and 120 g/mi greenhouse gases..
Proposed Commercialization Decision Criteria:Based on capability to achieve 5,000 hrs durability, $30/kW fuel cell system cost (at 500,000 units), $1.50 /gallon gasoline equivalent (untaxed), 120 g/mi greenhouse gases, and other market factors.The decision to enter a commercialization phase will be made by industry.
2000 2004 2009 2015
R&D Continues Concurrently to address key cost and performance barriers
Transportation and Infrastructure Partnership Timeline
Funding
The President’s FY04 Budget Request for FreedomCAR and
Hydrogen Fuel InitiativesOrganization Million $
Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (NE)
4.0
Department of Transportation (RSPA) 0.7
Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program (EERE)
165.5
FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program (EERE)
91.1
Office of Fossil Energy (FE) 11.5
Total 272.8
Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program
HighlightsMajor Activities FY02 Approp.
FY03 Approp.
FY04 Request
Hydrogen Production & Delivery $11.2M $11.8M $23.0M
Hydrogen Storage $6.1M $11.3M $30.0M
Safety, Codes & Standards, Education $5.9M $6.8M $21.8M
H2 Infrastructure/FC Vehicle Demo $5.7M $11.9M $28.2M
Fuel Cell Systems & Components $46.7M $53.7M $62.5M
TOTAL $75.6M $95.5M $165.5M
• Advanced production technologies (reforming, separation, photoelectro-chemical, photobiological, electrolysis)
• Solid-state hydrogen storage materials (e.g., carbon, hydrides)
• Safety, performance & connectivity standards for hydrogen fueled devices
• Integrated fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen infrastructure technology validation
• Fuel cell stack component cost reduction (catalyst & membrane) and stationary systems development
Program Focus: Research, develop, and validate fuel cell and hydrogen production, delivery and storage technologies for transportation and stationary applications
FY04 EERE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Budget Request (Key Activities)
`
Production/Delivery ($23.0M)
Storage ($30.0M)
Infrastructure Validation ($13.2M)
Safety, Codes & Standards and Utilization ($16.0M)
Education and Cross-Cutting ($5.8M)Transportation Systems ($7.6M)
Distributed Energy Systems ($7.5M)
Stack Component R&D($28.0M)
Fuel Processor R&D($19.0M)
Technology Validation ($15.0M)
Total FY 04 Request $165.5M
Technical Support ($0.4M)
Fiscal Year 2004 Hydrogen Production Funding ($38.5M)
Renewables - $17.3 million (EERE)• Direct water splitting using solar energy• Thermal processes using biomass• Advanced electrolysis from wind power• Biological WGS Processes
Nuclear - $4 million (NE)• High temperature chemical cycles for splitting water
Coal - $5 million (FE)• Separation of pure hydrogen gas from synthesis gas (CO and hydrogen)• Technologies also applicable to biomass feedstocks
Natural Gas – $12.2 million (FE/EERE)• Small, distributed systems to begin making hydrogen available at local refueling stations• Centralized Production
The Department of Energy’s Offices of Fossil Energy, Nuclear Energy, and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy are collaborating on cost-shared hydrogen production R&D:
Energy Independence through Diversity of Domestic Supplies
Research, Development & Demonstration Needs
Hydrogen Production
Key RD&D NeedsProduction Conversion Applications
Delivery
StorageLow cost distributed production using natural gas reformingProve large scale hydrogen production using nuclear and thermo-chemical processes
Accelerate direct production using biological, photolytic, and other techniques
Improved gasification for greater fuel flexibility
High efficiency and low cost electrolysisImproved separation and purification methods and materialsEconomic, scalable carbon capture and sequestration techniques
DOE Contacts:Peter.Devlin@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-4905Lowell.Miller@hq.doe.gov Ph. 301-903-9451David.Henderson@hq.doe.gov Ph. 301-903-3097
Hydrogen ProductionTechnical Barriers fromHFCIT Multi-Year Plan
Production Conversion Applications
Delivery
Storage
Low cost distributed production using natural gas reforming- improved catalysts for reforming and water-gas-shift- purification
Economic production using nuclear and thermo-chemical processesPhotoelectrcochemical production from water– improved materialsBiological production
- photobiological processes (organic substrate & water substrate)- dark fermentation
Biomass to hydrogen- improved gasification for greater fuel flexibility- improved catalysts for reforming gasification & pyrolysis product streams- economic generation of valuable co-products
High efficiency and low cost electrolysisImproved separation and purification methods and materialsEconomic, scalable carbon capture and sequestration techniques
Hydrogen Delivery
Production Conversion Applications
Delivery
StorageCodes and standards for pipelines and transportProve performance of hydrogen delivery infrastructureSystems and economic analysis tools and data to improve evaluation of alternative delivery technologies
Evaluate efficacy of existing infrastructure for use in hydrogen deliveryTesting and validation of existing and improved delivery systems
Key RD&D Needs
DOE Contacts:Mark.Paster@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-2821Christopher.Freitas@hq.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-1657
Hydrogen Storage
Production Conversion Applications
Delivery
Storage
Key RD&D Needs
Large scale demonstrations of hydrogen storage devicesImproved materials for containmentof compressed and liquid hydrogenCodes and standards development for hydrogen storage devicesMaterials performance evaluation and testingManufacturing scale-up processesNovel materials and advanced storage techniques for 9% by weight storage in 2015
nanotubes
alanates
cryotanks
chem. storage
cryogas tanks
compressed gas
liquid H2
concept product
Product Dev.Engineering Dev.Lab R&D
DOE Contact:JoAnn.Milliken@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-2480
Hydrogen Conversion
Key RD&D NeedsProduction Conversion Applications
Delivery
StorageFundamental research on electrochemistry, interface, and advanced materials for fuel cellsLower cost, more durable, and easier-to-manufacture fuel cellsOptimized hydrogen combustion in engines and turbines for stationary and mobile applicationsDemonstrations of fuel cells, engines, and turbines in mobile and stationary applications including distributed power and combined heat & powerProduct safety standards for hydrogen based fuel cells, engines, and turbines
Technology Application
Gas Turbines
Reciprocating Engines
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)
Alkaline(AFC)
Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)
Molten Carbonate(MCFC)
Solid Oxide(SOFC)
Combustion
Fuel Cells
Distributed powerCombined heat and powerCentral station power
VehiclesDistributed powerCombined heat and power
VehiclesDistributed power
Distributed powerCombined heat and power
Distributed powerCombined heat and power
Truck APUsDistributed powerCombined heat and power
VehiclesDistributed powerCombined heat and power
Portable power
DOE Contacts:Patrick.Davis@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-8061Victor.Der@hq.doe.gov Ph. 301-903-2700
Hydrogen Applications
Key RD&D Needs
Product safety standards and environmental regulations for vehiclesLarge scale demonstrations of existing technologies – vehicles and distributed powerGovernment as early adopter customerInfrastructure development
Community-based clustered applications and installationsPublicize existing and future showcase demonstrations
Production Conversion Applications
Delivery
Storage
DOE Contact:Sigmund.Gronich@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-1623
Outreach and Education
Key Needs
Broad public-private coalition to support the initiativeEducation strategy and curricula for grade school, high school, universitiesOutreach to raise general awareness
DOE Contact: Christy.Cooper@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-1885
Codes and Standards
Online publicationwww.hydrogensafety.info
Key Activities
Hydrogen Codes and Standards Coordinating Committee: communication across hydrogen community and development of consistent codes and standardsProposed amendments to International Code Council model building codesInternational Standards Organization Technical Committee 197: development of international standards for hydrogen technologies
DOE Contact:Neil.Rossmeissl@ee.doe.gov Ph. 202-586-8668
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