league of nations summary 1930\ s
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Why did the League fail
in Manchuria?
Manchurian crisis 1931–33
Problem: Japan invaded Manchuria (in north-east China)
Response: After a long delay, no action was taken
Effect: Made the League seem weak and ineffective
Disarmament conference 1932–34Problem: Germany complained that only it had disarmed
Response: League could not get other members to agree to disarm
Effect: Germany left the League and began to rearm openlyLeague members such as Britain no longer tried to stop itLeague members also began to rearm themselves
Abyssinian crisis 1935–36
Problem: Italy invaded Abyssinia
Response: League members could not agree effective sanctions against Italy
Britain and France tried to do a secret deal to give most of Abyssinia to Italy
Effect: League was seen as powerless and irrelevant
Challenged by theDictators who
Gained supportDue to the treaty
and depression
Manchuria 1931 - So where is Manchuria?
How is this different to the problems in the 1920’s that
the League faced?
Why did Japan invade?
• Japanese troops on the march in Manchuria 1931
• Japanese troop in Manchuria 1931
What do you think this cartoon shows us?
Why did the League fail?
A long and frustrating delay
Japan resigned from the League
The League was powerless without an army
Economic sanctions, but without the USA they would
be meaningless.
Britain wanted to keep up good relations with Japan
Member countries could not even agree
Britain and France would not risking their navies or armies
in a war
Only the USA and the USSR would have had the resources to remove the Japanese from
Manchuria.
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
World Depression
Lack of resources in
Japan
Military gain
Build an empire
Raw materials in Manchuria
Dispute over Manchurian
railway
Can you make any links
between these reasons?
What is the view from this French cartoonist about Japan’s actions?
What might its purpose be?
Message and purpose are very closely linked
© Hodder Murray
A cartoon by David Low, 1933. Low was one of the mostfamous cartoonists of the 1930s. He regularly criticised both theactions of dictators around the world and the ineffectiveness of
the League of Nations.
Page 247
Why did the League fail in Abyssinia?
Abyssinia invaded by Italy 1935
• Italy invaded Abyssinia• Near to British and French Colonies• Abyssinian is weak and defenseless country
Abyssinia 1935 - So where is Abyssinia?
• Abyssinia is today called Ethiopia in Eastern Africa.
British, French and Italian possessions in eastern Africa.
SOURCE 14
Aims
• Understand why Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935
• Understand the key reasons why the League failed.
Mussolini was known as Il Duce. Here he is addressing a large crowd, dressed in military uniform, a good public speaker – remind you of anyone else in the 1930’s?
What is the message of the cartoon?
Six R’s
• Revenge – Italy defeated in 1896• Resources – valuable • Roman Empire – Gain support in Italy / defect attention
away• Row – Excuse to invade• Reject – Rejected Leagues and GB/French offers• Remember – Had already seen weakness of League in
Manchuria
DATE ACTIONS OF MUSSOLINI AND HITLER ACTIONS OF THE LEAGUE
Mid 1935 Preparation continued for full invasion Negotiation but no action
Sept 1935 Mussolini rejected the plan Plan put forward for Mussolini to get some of Abyssinia
Oct 1935 Launched full scale attack Some sanctions imposed, but not oil. Suez canal left open.
Early 1935
Dispute between Italy and Abyssinia. Invasion began. No action
Dec 1935 War continued Secret plan – Hoare-Laval Plan to given 2/3 Abyssinia to Italy..
Feb 1936 War Continued Agreed on oil sanctions but too late
March 1936 Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland No action
May 1936 Took entire country GB and France trying to keep Italy on side
December 1934
Preparation for full invasion GB and France played for time to keep Italy on side.
Nov 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis
SITED
• Stop war• Improve peoples lives• Trade co-operation• Enforce the treaties• Disarmament
Why had the League failed over Manchuria and Abyssinia? SITED
• How it was set up.• USA not a member• USSR and Germany did not join
initial• Italy , Japan and Germany would
walk out.• No army• Did not meet very often – once a
year.• Voting needed to be unanimous
in the assembly• Council was dominated by GB
and France• Treaties it had to enforce were
seen as unfair
• How it acted.• Slow and indecisive• Failed to sent troops• Selfish• Wanted to keep Italy, Japan
and Germany on side• Feared another war• Did not implement harsh
sanctions• Did deals with aggressive
powers e.g. Italy over Abyssinia and Corfu
• It looked weak to aggressive powers
SOURCE 13
Source C - A cartoon from the Daily Express, 19 July 1934, by Sidney Strube.The singer is supposed to be France. France had proposed an alliance with
the USSR known as ‘Eastern Locarno’.
SOURCE 11
A German cartoon from July 1933 commenting on France’sconstant call for more security when it was already well armed.
© Hodder Murray
A cartoon from Punch, 1938.
SOURCE 24 B
© Hodder Murray
A cartoon from Punch, 1938. The doctors
represent Britain and France.
SOURCE 24A
Why did the League fail to secure disarmament?
No one wished to disarm
Hitler secretly rearmed
Hitler walked out of disarmament talks
Other countries realising Hitler was rearming also
started to rearm
GB and France were divided on the issue – GB thought that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh
British allowed Germany to build up its navy as long as it stayed under 35 per cent of the size of the British navy. Britain did not
consult either its allies or the League
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