learning: classical conditioning - north seattle...
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Outline Learning Overview Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov & his dogs Watson Terminology Applications
Transitioning from classical conditioning to operant conditioning
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Learning Overview Most “lowly” animals, like sea snails, behave by instinct
and are incapable of learning
With training, pigeons can be taught to tell the difference between Bach and Stravinsky
Skinner pigeons playing ping pong
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Learning Overview What is Learning?
Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
How do we know if learning has occurred? Observe changes in behavior Ex. Exams
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Learning Overview Psychologists study 3 types of learning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
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Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov Russian Physiologist Studied Digestion Won 1904 Nobel prize Famous (in psychology)
for his incidental study of learning… “classical conditioning”
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
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Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that unconditionally (naturally) triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
UCS(bad bacteria, flu bug, etc.)
UCR(Vomit due to
bug)
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Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
(Conditioned Stimulus)
CS(FOOD)
CR(gagging)
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Classical ConditioningBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical ConditioningBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical ConditioningBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical ConditioningBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical ConditioningJohn B. Watson Strict Behaviorist
Behavior only, no thoughts
Baby Albert Experiment
John Watson (1878-1958)
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Baby Albert Experiment, 1920 “At approximately nine months of age we ran him through
the emotional tests that have become a part of our regular routine in determining whether fear reactions can be called out by other stimuli than sharp noises and the sudden removal of support. In brief, the infant was confronted suddenly and for the first time successively with a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc. At no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. The infant practically never cried. The test to determine whether a fear reaction could be called out by a loud sound was made when he was eight months, twenty-six days of age. The sound was that made by striking a hammer upon a suspended steel bar four feet in length and three-fourths of an inch in diameter.”
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Baby Albert Experiment, 1920 “The child started violently, his breathing was checked
and the arms were raised in a characteristic manner. On the second stimulation the same thing occurred, and in addition the lips began to pucker and tremble. On the third stimulation the child broke into a sudden crying fit. This is the first time an emotional situation in the laboratory has produced any fear or even crying in Albert. We had expected just these results on account of our work with other infants brought up under similar conditions. It is worthwhile to call attention to the fact that removal of support (dropping and jerking the blanket upon which the infant was lying) was tried exhaustively upon this infant on the same occasion. It was not effective in producing the fear response.”
- Watson’s Journal
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Classical ConditioningJohn B. Watson Strict Behaviorist
Behavior only, no thoughts
Baby Albert Experiment
Advertising
John Watson (1878-1958)
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Classical Conditioning: Stages Acquisition
Initial learning stage Association between neutral stimulus and UCS
Extinction Diminishing of a CR usually because the UCS no
longer follows the CS
CS(FOOD)
CR(gagging)
NOT
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Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other
stimuli that do not signal an UCS
White Rabbit
Fear
White Rat
White Beard
White Dog
Classical Conditioning: Applications Crack cocaine users
Drug = UCS; High = UCR Paraphernalia, people = CS Craving = CR
Exposure Therapies Ex. PTSD, phobias
Immune system drugs
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Summary: Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov
Definition of terms (UCS, CS, UCR, CR)
Pavlov’s dogs James Watson
Baby Albert Experiment Advertising (examples)
Stages Acquisition & Extinction Stimulus Generalization &
Discrimination Classical Conditioning:
Applications Drug abuse Exposure therapies Immune system drugs
“I think Mom’s using the can opener.”
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From Classical to Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning can’t explain all learning
Mathematical learning (S-R) theories arose
Law of Effect: Behaviors are influenced by their resulting effects
Behavior (stealing)
RewardMore Behavior
(stealing)
Punishment Less Behavior (stealing)
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