learning in relationships the development of human communication thomas fuchs translated from the...
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Learning in Relationships
The Development of Human
Communication
Thomas FuchsTranslated from the German by Nina Keuttel
Introduction: Speech and Body Language
A child’s social skill development is predominantly based upon physical
communication, or “inter-physicality” (Merleau-Ponty)
Overview: 1. Neuron Plasticity and Brain
Development 2. Learning in Relationships
Neuron Plasticity and Development:
The human brain is a socially and biographically formed organ.
Neuron Plasticity: Synaptic “Learning”
Hebb 1949: „Neurons that fire together wire together“
Experience-dependent Plasticity of the Brain:
Every experience effects a change in our brain and with that also in our self. In relationships the brain changes and forms itself.
In the beginning was relationship:
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Beginning: the Sense of touch
Touching, holding, lifting, rocking,
and breastfeeding are the first
conveyors of, the feeling of feeling
secure and protected.
In the beginning was
realtionship: Early Childhood
Beginning: Sense of sight
Innate ability to
imitate facial
expressions.
(Meltzoff & Moore 1989)
Innate differentialtion between animate and inanimate
attentiveness to faces
Early Imitation: the foundation of empathy
Basic Emotions and their Expression
Universal Emotions
Irrespective of culture and rooted in biology:Anger, revulsion, fear, sadness, joy, surprise
Emotional Resonance
Intuitive Parenting „Skills“ (Papousek Papousek)
Typical Models of Behavior:
• Appropriate distance • Eye contact• Reaction to greeting• Facial Expressions• Melodic Baby Talk
Emotional Resonance
Musical Qualities
„crescendo, decrescendo“, flowing, soft, explosive, etc.)
• Emotional coordination „common state of consciousness“, „common dance,“ (Daniel Stern)
Primordial Resonance and Empathy System
Empathy
“Mirror Neurons” (Rizzolatti u. Gallese 1996ff.)
as a basis for Information and Empathy:
Self Movement (gripping for example)
„Observation of Movement “ Mirror Neurons Not from self
Watching another grip something
„Mirror Neurons“ (Rizzolatti 1996, Gallese 2001)
Two Main Functions:
• Social Understanding
• Learning Social Imitation
Neuronal Neuro Systems also exist for affectations (e.g. Laughing, Revulsion, Pain).
Development and differentiation of neuronal mirror systems only in social contexts
Unconscious Learning: Implicit Memory
To differentiate from recall memory (autobiographic memory, starts at age 2)
Formation of habits, automatic skillsOrganized mainly in the subcortical region
Implicit Memory
Significance for Social Learning:
- Interactive acquisition behavior pattern
(„schemes-of-being-with“, Daniel Stern)
- „Implicit Relationship Knowledge“
- „musical“ memory, organized by time
„Still-Face“-Experiment
• 2 minute long fixed facial expression of the mother
during a play interval:
irritated, often anxious reaction of the infant
• Children distinguish between mothers with:
- sensitive, lively interaction or
- rather more insensitive, passive behavior
(Frequent result: Bonding problem)
Bonding System
(John Bowlby 1955)
Biologically based system for the regulation of proximity, care,
and emotional connection:
• Typical signals (searching, calling, looking, crying,
clinging, among others.)
• Impulse drive and needs: (e.g., for attention, nearness,
warmth)
• Neuro-endocrin functions (e.g., oxytocin effect)
Bonding System
Early bonding as a model for later relationships:
Secure bonding structure
Deprivation syndrome in orphanage children (Spitz 1967)
Effects of postpartum depression of the mother
On the Path to Speech
„Joint Attention“Pointing gestures as an expression of
a common connection with objects
„The Nine Months Revolution“
S1 S2
S1 S2
O
Dyadic Interaction Triadic Interaction
Development of speech in the context of
joint activities, especially when
associated with gestures
„The Nine Months Revolution“
The Development of
Self Awareness
• Basal sense of self before birth
•„Self with otheres“ in the first year of life
• Understanding perspective from the age of 9 months: „Seeing yourself through another‘s eyes“
• The mirror test
The Development of
Self Awareness
• „I“ Pronouns
• Understanding Perspective
• Prefrontal Brain Structures as basis for reception of perspective and self-distancing develop with
interactive experiences
Human beings do not come into the world as separate
entities. From the beginning, they are already biologically
presdisposed toward relationship with others:
- Bonding System
- Resonance and Empathy System
Summary
Summary (2)
Beginning of dialogue communications with pointing gestures
in cooperative situations
Basis:
- Joint attention
- Altruistic and cooperative motivation
The role of the brain as „the relationshop organ“
Neuroscience and Education
Neurobiological knowledge about learning processes:
1) Implicit learning as an enduring foundation
2) Learning in relationships
3) Sense oriented Learning Process
4) Learning as an integral process (cognitive – emotional –
leiblich – interaktive)
→ Embedding in atmospher and feelings
→ Embedding in trused environmental contexts
→ Embedding in sensory and movement experiences
Outlook
Thank you very much for your attention!
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