lecture 13 intonation ii
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INTONATION
(Chapter 17)
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Tone-unit
When a tonic syllable is followed by a
tail, the tail continues and completes the
tone begun on the tonic syllable
The easier case is that of rising and
falling tones
The more complicated one is that with
the fall-rise and rise-fall
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Fall-rise and rise-fall + a tail
Can be quite difficult to recognise when
they are extended over tails since their
characteristic pitch movements are often
broken up or distorted by the structure of
the syllables on which they occur
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The pitch movementon some
If a syllable is added,the fall part of the fall-
rise is usually carriedby the 1st syll. andthe rise part by the2nd: e.g. some men
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If the continuity of voicing is broken,
i.e. if there are voiceless medial cons. to cause a
break in the voicing ...
E.g. some chairs
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The tonal rhyme is applied ...
Just as baloon rhymes with moon,
some chairs has tonal rhyme with
some
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Tail of 2 or more syllables
Normally the pitch is expected to fall on
the tonic syllable and to remain low until
the last stressed syllable in the tail. The
pitch then rises from that point up to theend of the tone unit.
If there is no stressed syllable in the tail,
the rise happens on the final syllable(Roach, p.172)
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Rise-fall case
If the tonic syllable is followed by a
single syllable in the tail, the rise part of
the tone takes place on the first (tonic)
syllable and the fall part on the second(Roach, p. 173)
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High and low heads
Head = all the part of a tone unitextending from the 1st stressed syllableup to, but not including the tonic
syllable. Pitch contrasts have been discussed so
far only as possible choices of tone forthe tonic syllable
However, there are different pitchpossibilities in the head as well.
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High head
High head the stressed syllable which
begins the head is high in pitch; it is
usually higher than the beginning pitch
of the tone on the tonic syllable (Roach,p. 174)
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Low head
Low head the stressed syllable which
begins the head is low in pitch; it is
usually lower than the beginning pitch of
the tone on the tonic syllable
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Unstressed syllables
It is usual for these to continue the pitch of the stressedsyllable that precedes them (Roach, p 174)
When there is more than one stressed syllable in the
head, there is usually a slight change in pitch from thelevel of one stressed syllable to that of the next, thechange being in the direction of the beginning pitch ofthe tone of the tonic syllable
When a high head is followed by a rise, the stressedsyllables tend to move downwards towards thebeginning pitch of the tone in the tonic syllable
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Declination
The intonation pattern starting at a fairly
high pitch, with a gradual dropping down
of pitch during the utterance, is the most
basic, normal, unmarked intonationpattern; this movement is often called
declination.
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Marks and
Used for two different purposes: to indicatestress, either primary or secondary
In intonation: the mark indicates the
stressed syllable in the high head and themark indicates the stressed syllable in thelow head
A much more important difference isbetween the tonic stress and non-tonicstressed syllables
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Intonation is carried by the stressed
syllables of a tone-unit and the pitch of
unstressed syllables is either predictable
from that of stressed syllables or is of solittle importance that it is not marked at
all.
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Problems in analysing the form of
intonation
1) identifying the tonic syllable:
it is the only syllable in the tone-unitthat carries a movement in pitch
BUT:
a) When the tonic syllable is followed bya tail, the tone is carried by the tonic
+ tail together so that often no pitchmovement can be detected on thetonic syllable itself
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b) One of the tones is the level tone so
that in such cases the tonic syllable is
identified only as the most prominent
syllable.
c) It sometimes seems as if some tone-
units contain not one but two tonic
syllables, the first having the a fall on itand the other having a rise (R., p.177)
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2) Identifying tone-unit boundaries
Grammar: utterances can contain one or
more sentences; the boundary between
them can be identified on grammatical
grounds
Suprasegmental phonology:
Utterances may be divided into tone-units
that can be identified on
phonetic/phonological grounds
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It is possible to detect a sudden change in
pitch level at the end of one tone-unit and the
beginning of the following (speakers tend to
return home to a particular pitch level tobegin the new tone-unit)
Rhythmical grounds: within the tone-unit
speech has a regular rhythm which is broken
or interrupted at the tone-unit boundary
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